【正文】 ................................................................................... 365References................................................................................ and .................................................................. .................................................................. ............................................................ 374Problems................................................................................... 386References................................................................................ .................................................................. Sources......................................................... Response to Harmonics .................................. Performance............................................... Filters........................................................... Response Considerations................................ Design.................................................................. and Conclusions .......................................... 412Problems................................................................................... 413References................................................................................ Transformer .................................................................. Capacitor Energization.......................... Switching and Transformer Transients.... the Voltage Transients................................ .................................................................... 426Problems................................................................................... 427References................................................................................ .................................................................. Operations................................................... Acceptance Criteria......................................... Coordination............................................... 446Contentsxxi? 2005 by Taylor amp。 Francis Group, LLC OF CAPACITORSWilliam Gilbert, who experimented with magnetism and electricity in the 1600s, was the first to apply the term ‘‘electric’’(Greek electron, ‘‘a(chǎn)mber’’) to the force realized upon rubbingcertain substances together. He called the force between thetwo objects charged by friction ‘‘electric.’’ Gilbert also identified the difference between magnetism and electricity. In 1729,Stephen Gray discovered the electrical conductor. CharlesDufay first expressed the idea of a repulsive electric force 1745, Pieter van Musschenbroek, a professor of physicsand mathematics at the University of Leyden, the Netherlands,invented the electrostatic charge. He experimented with aglass jar, which is now known as the Leyden jar. A photographof Leyden jars is shown in Figure [1]. Other accountsclaim that Ewald Georg von Kleist, a German inventor, discovered the first capacitor at around the same time. The firstLeyden jar was a glass jar, partially filled with water andclosed with a cork, with a wire that dipped into the waterinserted through its center. The wire is brought into contactwith a static electricity producer and the jar bees ? 2005 by Taylor amp。amp。 Francis Group, LLCAny conductor that es into contact with or in close proximity to the wire will discharge the Leyden American statesman Benjamin Franklin conductedexperiments with the Leyden jar and illustrated that thecharge could also be caused by thunder and lightning. In1752, Franklin proposed the ‘‘electrical fluid theory’’ to provethat lightning is an electrical phenomenon. It was alsoFranklin who used ‘‘t’’ and ‘‘?’’ for the two types of electricforces, attraction (positive) and repulsion (negative). His discoveries using the Leyden jar led him to show that a flat pieceof glass would work just as well as a glass container for makinga capacitor. These are called flat capacitors or ‘‘Franklinsquares.’’ Michael Faraday’s experimental research on disktype static electricity led him to invent a means of measuringthe capacitance. The plate type electrical capacitor that wasused by Faraday was 50 in. in diameter with two sets of rubbers。 Francis Group, LLC.................................................................... 448Problems................................................................................... 448References................................................................................ Voltages in Control .................................................................. of Induced Voltages........................................ Induced Voltages ....................................... System............................................................ of Induced Voltages.................................. of Lightning on Control Cables........................ .................................................................... 466Problems................................................................................... 467References................................................................................ .................................................................. of Engineering Economics ................................. Components.......................................................... of Ine Tax and Related Factors................. Evaluations.................................................. .................................................................... 492Problems................................................................................... 493References................................................................................ 494APPENDIX A Capacitor Circuit Fundmentals................... 495APPENDIX B Definitions ...................................................... 501APPENDIX C Circuit Breaker Data..................................... 509APPENDIX D Surge Arrester Data...................................... 521APPENDIX E Fuse Ch