【正文】 ? 5. 互動式的訓(xùn)練：在訓(xùn)練中受訓(xùn)者與邀請來的客人（另一種文化的代表或?qū)＜遥┻M(jìn)行交往，在交往中學(xué)習(xí)對方的文化習(xí)俗，學(xué)會各種交際的技巧 ? 以上各種方法常常交叉使用，互相補(bǔ)充，而不是只使用一種方法，排斥其他方法。 ? 3. 提高文化敏感的訓(xùn)練：這是提高一般的文化敏感的訓(xùn)練方法。t have time to reflect on your emotions and experiences. ? Stage 2 usually begins shortly before departure, and it is characterized by feelings of excitement and anticipation even euphoria about returning home. This is very similar to the initial feelings of fascination and excitement you may have when you first entered your host country. You may be very happy to see your family and friends again, and they are also happy to see you. The length of this stage varies, and often ends with the realization that most people are not as interested in your experiences abroad as you had hoped. They will politely listen to your stories for a while, but you may find that soon they are ready to move on to the next topic of conversation. ? Stage 3 You may experience feelings of frustration, anger, alienation, loneliness, disorientation, and helplessness and not understand exactly why. You might quickly bee irritated or critical of others and of home culture. Depression, feeling like a stranger at home, and the longing to go back abroad are also not unmon reactions. You may also feel less independent than you were while abroad. Stage 4 ? a gradual readjustment to life at home. Things will start to seem a little more normal again, and you will probably fall back into some old routines, but things won39。t meet these expectations. Home may feel so foreign. ? Reverse culture shock is usually described in four stages: ? Disengagement (脫離 ) ? Initial euphoria ? Irritability and hostility ? Readjustment and adaptation 6. Stages of reverse culture shock ? Stage 1 begins before you leave your host country. You begin thinking about reentry and making your preparations for your return home. You also begin to realize that it39。我問她最想北京的什么，她說：“芝麻燒餅。若連吃三五天漢堡包，不真得發(fā)瘋才怪！到底是否完全適應(yīng)美國文化，到目前，還沒有滿意答案。照理說，應(yīng)該是完全適應(yīng)期的佼佼者吧？是耶？非耶？很難說。 craving “home cooking”。這就是文化休克。 ? 文化休克是人們對于另一種不熟悉的文化環(huán)境的心理反應(yīng)。 Katherine decided to take a taxi to her hotel. ? “Culture Shock”, first identified in 1958 by anthropologist Kalvero Oberg, refers to psychological stress that all human beings experience when they move to a pletely new cultural environment. 1. Culture Shock ◆ refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture. ◆ expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate. ◆ the physical and emotional disfort one suffers when ing to live in another country or a place different from the place of origin ◆ troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy(不充分，機(jī)能不全 ), hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture Definition of Culture Shock ? 在大量地接收到一種異文化的信息之后，特別是從事外交和外貿(mào)的工作人員、訪問學(xué)者、跨國公司的雇員等第一次進(jìn)入異國他鄉(xiāng)后，常常程度不同地產(chǎn)生一種心理反應(yīng)，即文化休克(cultural shock，或譯作文化震蕩 ). ? 文化人類學(xué)家奧伯格 (Kalvero Oberg)1960年首先提出文化休克這個術(shù)語，把它界定為“由于失去了自己熟悉的社會交往信號或符號，對于對方的社會符號不熟悉，而在心理上產(chǎn)生的深度焦慮癥”。最嚴(yán)重的甚至?xí)季癫』蛘咦詺ⅰ?great concern over minor pains and skin eruptions (出疹 )。 in fact, transitions of any type are both psychologically and physically stressful. Problems with housing, climate, services, or munication in another language bring additional stress. b. Social Alienation An aspect of culture shock that can have adverse effects upon the newers to a culture is social alienation and the feel