【正文】
算此時(shí)10kV負(fù)荷側(cè)的線路 ()折算到35kV側(cè) 三相短路電流周期分量有效值 ()其他三相短路電流 () () ()三相短路容量 ()④對(duì)于d3點(diǎn)以織布廠、膠木廠、印染廠計(jì)算此時(shí)10kV負(fù)荷側(cè)的線路: ()折算到35kV側(cè) 三相短路電流周期分量有效值 ()其他三相短路電流 () () ()三相短路容量 () 短路電流計(jì)算結(jié)果三相短路電流(kA)三相短路容量(MVA)IK(3)I(3)I(3)∞ish(3)Ish(3)Sk(3)d1點(diǎn)d2點(diǎn)d3點(diǎn)三相短路電流(kA)三相短路容量(MVA)IK(3)I(3)I(3)∞ish(3)Ish(3)Sk(3)d1點(diǎn)d2點(diǎn)d3點(diǎn)5 變電所繼電保護(hù)及故障分析本設(shè)計(jì)35/10kV系統(tǒng)為雙電源35kV單母線分段接線,10kV側(cè)單母線分段接線,所接負(fù)荷屬一二類(lèi)負(fù)荷居多。① 變壓器的外部故障常見(jiàn)的是高低壓套管及引線故障,它可能引起變壓器出線端的相間短路或引出線碰接外殼。其中電流速斷保護(hù)為主保護(hù),不帶時(shí)限,0s跳閘。2) 后備保護(hù):過(guò)電流保護(hù)(以反應(yīng)變壓器外部相間故障)、過(guò)負(fù)荷保護(hù)(反應(yīng)由于過(guò)負(fù)荷而引起的過(guò)電流)。3) 變壓器瓦斯保護(hù):是利用安裝在變壓器油箱與油枕間的瓦斯繼電器來(lái)判別變壓器內(nèi)部故障;當(dāng)變壓器內(nèi)部發(fā)生故障時(shí),電弧使油及絕緣物分解產(chǎn)生氣體。但實(shí)際上由于變壓器的勵(lì)磁涌流、接線方式及電流互感器誤差等因素的影響,繼電器中存在不平衡電流,變壓器差動(dòng)保護(hù)需解決這些問(wèn)題,方法有:①靠整定值躲過(guò)不平衡電流②采用比例制動(dòng)差動(dòng)保護(hù)。本設(shè)計(jì)采用較經(jīng)濟(jì)的BCH2型帶有速飽和變流器的繼電器,以提高保護(hù)裝置的勵(lì)磁涌流的能力。A及以上和并列運(yùn)行的變壓器每臺(tái)容量在6300kV短路故障保護(hù)應(yīng)有主保護(hù)、后備保護(hù),必要時(shí)可增設(shè)輔助保護(hù)。后備保護(hù)不僅可以起到當(dāng)主保護(hù)應(yīng)該動(dòng)作而未動(dòng)作時(shí)的后備,還可以起到當(dāng)主保護(hù)雖已動(dòng)作但最終未能達(dá)到切除故障部分的作用。這一死區(qū)就必須利用后備保護(hù)來(lái)彌補(bǔ)不可。瓦斯保護(hù)動(dòng)作于跳閘的重瓦斯部分,通常按氣體繼電器的油流速度整定。 瓦斯繼電器選用FJ380型 。由于35 kV側(cè)二次電流大,因此以35kV側(cè)為基本側(cè)。 ΔU—變壓器調(diào)壓時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的相對(duì)誤差,采用調(diào)壓百分?jǐn)?shù)的一半。代入數(shù)據(jù)得: () 比較上述()()()式的動(dòng)作電流,取最大值為計(jì)算值, 即: 將兩側(cè)電流互感器分別接于繼電器的兩組平衡線圈,再接入差動(dòng)線圈,使繼電器的實(shí)用匝數(shù)和動(dòng)作電流更接近于計(jì)算值;以二次回路額定電流最大側(cè)作為基本側(cè),基本側(cè)的繼電器動(dòng)作電流及線圈匝數(shù)計(jì)算如下:基本側(cè)(35kV)繼電器動(dòng)作值 ()代入數(shù)據(jù)得: ()基本側(cè)繼電器差動(dòng)線圈匝數(shù) ()式中:Awo為繼電器動(dòng)作安匝,應(yīng)采用實(shí)際值,本設(shè)計(jì)中采用額定值,取得60安匝。根據(jù)前面對(duì)BCH2差動(dòng)繼電器的分析,考慮到本系統(tǒng)主變壓器容量較小,勵(lì)磁涌流較大,故選用較大匝數(shù)的“CC”抽頭,實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,還應(yīng)考慮繼電器所接的電流互感器的型號(hào)、性能等,抽頭是否合適,應(yīng)經(jīng)過(guò)變壓器空載投入試驗(yàn)最后確定。2) 靈敏度按保護(hù)范圍末端短路進(jìn)行校驗(yàn)。 () ()延時(shí)時(shí)限取10s,以躲過(guò)電動(dòng)機(jī)的自起動(dòng)。 對(duì) 3~10kV 線路裝設(shè)相間短路保護(hù)裝置,應(yīng)符合下列要求: 1) 由電流繼電器構(gòu)成的保護(hù)裝置,應(yīng)接于兩相電流互感器上,同一網(wǎng)絡(luò)的所有線路均應(yīng)裝在相同的兩相上; 2) 后備保護(hù)應(yīng)采用遠(yuǎn)后備方式;3) 當(dāng)線路短路使發(fā)電廠廠用母線或重要用戶(hù)母線電壓低于額定電壓的60%時(shí),以及線 路導(dǎo)線截面過(guò)小,不允許帶時(shí)限切除短路時(shí),應(yīng)快速切除故障;4) 電流保護(hù)的時(shí)限不大于 ~ 時(shí),且沒(méi)有第三款所列的情況,或沒(méi)有配合上 的要求時(shí),可不裝設(shè)瞬動(dòng)的電流速斷保護(hù)。保護(hù)裝置僅在線路的電源側(cè)裝設(shè)。 對(duì) 35~63kV 線路,可按下列要求裝設(shè)相間短路保護(hù)裝置:1) 對(duì)單側(cè)電源線路可采用一段或兩段電流速斷或電流閉鎖電壓速斷作主保護(hù),并應(yīng)以帶時(shí)限過(guò)電流保護(hù)作后備保護(hù)??刹捎镁嚯x保護(hù)裝置。2) 10kV線路過(guò)電流保護(hù):是利用短路時(shí)的電流比正常運(yùn)行時(shí)大的特征來(lái)鑒別線路發(fā)生了短路故障,其動(dòng)作的選擇性由過(guò)電流保護(hù)裝置的動(dòng)作具有適當(dāng)?shù)难訒r(shí)來(lái)保證,有定時(shí)限過(guò)電流保護(hù)和反時(shí)限過(guò)電流保護(hù);本設(shè)計(jì)與電流速斷保護(hù)裝置共用兩組電流互感器,采用二相二繼電器的不完全星形接線方式,選用定時(shí)限過(guò)電流保護(hù),作為電流速斷保護(hù)的后備保護(hù),來(lái)切除電流速斷保護(hù)范圍以外的故障,其保護(hù)范圍為本線路全部和下段線路的一部分。4) 6~10kV線路的電流保護(hù)由電流速斷(Ⅰ段)與過(guò)電流保護(hù)(Ⅲ段)構(gòu)成,而35kV線路電流保護(hù)增加了限時(shí)電流速斷保護(hù)。3) 第一段的靈敏性通常用保護(hù)范圍的大小來(lái)衡量,根據(jù)本設(shè)計(jì)的數(shù)據(jù),按線路首端(d1點(diǎn))短路時(shí)的最小短路電流校驗(yàn)靈敏系數(shù)。4) 繼電器的動(dòng)作電流為: ()考慮到系統(tǒng)發(fā)展時(shí)仍能適應(yīng),選用DL11/20型電流繼電器,其動(dòng)作電流的整定范圍為5~20A,故動(dòng)作電流整定值為6A。作為本線路后備保護(hù)時(shí)的靈敏系數(shù)為: ()靈敏系數(shù)滿(mǎn)足要求。2)保證系統(tǒng)最大運(yùn)行方式下開(kāi)關(guān)出口三相短路時(shí)靈敏度不小于1 () () () 滿(mǎn)足靈敏度的要求。② 煉鐵廠、配電所:1) 躲配變低壓側(cè)母線最大三相短路電流,具體做法是選擇一個(gè)最大容量配變,如有多個(gè)最大容量配變則選擇距出線斷路器最近者。式中 ——系統(tǒng)最大運(yùn)行方式下開(kāi)關(guān)出口三相短路時(shí)的電流;——10kV母線等值系統(tǒng)最大運(yùn)行方式阻抗標(biāo)么值。其中:;2) 保護(hù)的動(dòng)作時(shí)限t2應(yīng)與t1配合,即: (),故選用DS111型時(shí)間繼電器,~ s??梢哉f(shuō),收獲還是挺大的。這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)由于資料不夠,所以我們多人一組共享資源,這無(wú)意是對(duì)我們的相互協(xié)作能力的考驗(yàn),在遇到一個(gè)人不能解決的問(wèn)題時(shí),我們共同商量,找到解決的方法。在這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)中,我主要做了關(guān)于35kV變電站的相關(guān)保護(hù),從負(fù)荷計(jì)算到主接線的選擇;從短路電流計(jì)算到導(dǎo)線電纜的選擇、校驗(yàn);從主變壓器繼電保護(hù)的配置到線路繼電保護(hù)的計(jì)算、校驗(yàn)。同時(shí),也感謝在此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中給予我?guī)椭乃腥?。景老師?xì)心、全面的審閱了全文,并提出了許多寶貴意見(jiàn),對(duì)提高論文的水平和研究方向上的把握起到了重要的作用。 hence transformer equipment is included.Sectionalizing.─In very long highvoltage large capacity lines, particularly when several circuits are run in parallel, it is often necessary to split the lines into sections, in order that proper protection to the line and service can be obtained. Such a substation is , therefore, helpful in sectionalizing damaged sections of a line, providing continuity of service. Such a substation will generally prise only switching equipment. In long lines it may also serve to supply powerfactorcorrecting equipment.Transmissionline Supply.─It is being more and more mon to install the hightension equipment of a power plant outdoors, the installation being nothing more than a stepup substation receiving its power at generator voltage, then stepping up its voltage and finally sending it out over highvoltage transmission lines. Such a substation is nothing more than an outdoor distributing substation turned around, the voltage being stepped up instead of stepped down.Powerfactor Correction.─The voltage at the end of long lines tends to increase as the load supplied is decreased, while on the other hand it tends to decrease as the load is increased. Owing to the inductance and capacity effects, this variation in voltage is acpanied by a wide variation in power factor of a line, it is necessary to use synchronous condensers at the end of the line. To supply such a machine the transmissionline voltage must be stepped down, hence a powerfactorcorrecting substation will include switching equipment, transformers, and all equipment necessary for the operation of synchronous condensers.Railway.─Substations supplying railways may be generally classified under two heads, namely, as alternating current and as direct current. In the cases of alternatingcurrent substations the problem is generally one of voltage transformation and of supplying singlephase power to the trains. It is, however, possible to supply singlephase to threephase inside the lootive by the use of a phase converter. In the case of directcurrent railways, the substations are generally supplied whit threephase power and converted to direct current by means of rotary converters, motorgenerator sets, or rectifiers.Direct current for Light and Power.─There are still a few sections in some of out la