【正文】 clined by 3% since 1990 but the area of planted forest has increased in all regions of the world and now accounts for almost 7% of global forest land. The area of primary forest, which is typically defined as lacking direct human influence, is about 34% of all forest land according to country reports, but the area is declining especially in South America and Africa because of humancaused habitat fragmentation and degradation. 3. ________________________ __________________________________________. As a result of increasing management intensity, the area of unmanaged forest, typically defined as land lacking protected status or a management plan, dropped significantly since 1990 and now prises only 21% of global forests. There have been significant increases in areas of forest used for nonwood forest products such as protection of soil and water, conservation of biodiversity, and provision of social services. Globally, timber production has been relatively stable since 1990, but increasing areas of forest used for nonwood forest products indicates that harvesting is taking place on a smaller proportion of the total forest area. 4. _______________________________________________________________. Established forests currently offset about 30% of global emissions of CO2 from fossil fuel use, and there are mitigation opportunities involving forests that could increase the gross terrestrial C uptake from roughly to Pg C annually. 5. _____________________________________________ ______________________. In the future, indirect human influences such as increasing atmospheric CO2 and climate change, along with the direct effects of land management and projected increasing demand for wood biofuel, are likely to bee increasingly important elements that influence land management strategies and the role of forests in the global carbon cycle.A. Concurrently, the area of naturally regenerated forest that is not classified as primary forest has declined.B. We discuss different interpretations of ‘‘management’’ and highlight some important accounting and analysis issues. C. Global forests are increasingly affected by landuse change, fragmentation, changing management objectives, and degradation.D. However, our results suggest that a diversifying use of forest land may have significant consequences for maintaining or increasing the current rate of terrestrial carbon sequestration.E. Based on trends in the area of managed forest and regional studies, it is clear that historical and current forest management has been a very significant determining factor of current carbon stocks. Part IV Cloze (10 points, 1 point each)There is no doubt that air pollution is a global crisis: it causes an annual death 1 of million. That is double the total number of people lost 2 HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria 3 , and four times the number killed on the world’s roads. Half the early deaths result from outdoor air pollution that is far more dispersed and harder to 4 .Air pollution has increased the 5 of mental illness, diabetes and kidney disease. It is even thought to be prematurely ageing the faces of city dwellers by accelerating wrinkles and age __6 . What’s worse, almost 90% of the world’s children live where outdoor air pollution 7__ WHO limits.Increasing efforts 8 global warming by cutting the fossil fuel consumption will help cut air pollution. Some major world cities are also doing something 9 traffic smog by setting dates 10 the worst polluting cars will be banned. The huge cuts in health costs that could be achieved with cleaner air are being better understood.1. A. amount B. sector C. toll D. equivalent2. A. in B. to C. for D. by3. A. bined B. united C. integrated D. connected4. A. deal B. cope C. cherish D. tackle5. A. incident B. incidence C. accident D. instance6. A. spots B. areas C. sections D. spans7. A. recedes B. succeeds C. exceeds D. precedes8. A. of fighting B. to fighting C. for fight D. to fight9. A. for B. with C. about D. from10. A. in which B. for which C. about which D. by whichPart V Reading Comprehension (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and answer the questions on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneDespite the enormous contribution of the music industry to the UK economy and the huge benefits to children, the government remains quiet about its importance in schools, but instead announced plans to try mental health training for pupils recently. It has not dawned on politicians that this can be achieved through the arts.Music education has bee harder to access since 2010, when new measures were introduced to boost the number of students studying science and languages, and since then the number of students taking music at Alevel has dropped by about 9% as teachers homed in on “academic” subjects.Children are pelled to take up private tuition, putting those who cannot afford such lessons at a disadvantage. In 2014