【正文】 d to experiment with issuing collective rural enterprise debts” to help develop the rural finance system.“It’s more than [just] serving the poor,” said exbanker Liu Ke Gu, who was in charge of microfinance and loans to small and medium enterprises at National Development Bank (NDB) until the end of last year. Liu spoke to the local media in early March at the annual congressional meeting in Beijing, where he serves as a member of the national mittee of CPPCC. “In China, 75% of the jobs are provided by small and medium enterprises. Microfinance has made a significant contribution to relieving employment pressures in China, and it’s the most vigorous sector in the whole economy.” However, microfinance does have an established history in China. Rural Credit Cooperatives (RCCs), the most extensive finance agencies in rural China, began microfinance operations ten years ago and had total loans of trillion yuan (US$471 billion) by the end of 2007. According to a PBOC report on rural finance released last September, microloans to rural families by all RCCs in China stood at 300 billion yuan (US$44 billion), or almost 10% of the total.The sum of single microloans on Xiao Shan Rural Cooperative Bank’s books might be huge by Grameen standards, but in less developed rural areas in China, the sums involved are smaller, with many farmers receiving sums of just a few hundred yuan. Cao Feng Lin, an official at Tong Zhou Rural Credit Cooperatives (TZRCC), a bank based in Tongzhou in Jiangsu province, says that his RCC lends 500 to 600 yuan (around US$80) to local farmers to enable them to buy seeds or fertilizer. Even so, it is necessary to find one or two people in the neighborhood willing to act as guarantors, says Cao. “We have deposits of around billion yuan (US$ billion) and loans of 8 billion yuan (US$ billion). Among them, around 100 million yuan (US$ million) is microcredit for local farmers.” The bank charges 20% to 30% above the benchmark rate on nonmortgage microloans. “We definitely will [continue to] do micro lending to local farmers,” says Cao. “On top of the policy guidance, that’s also how our bank is positioned in the local area.” As everyone now realizes in the wake of the current financial crisis, risk control is key for finance institutions. In Yunus’s case, he took the risk on himself in the beginning. In an interview by Nightly Business Report a few years ago, Yunus said, “I went to the bank and proposed that they lend money to the poor people. The bankers almost fell over. They couldn39。尤努斯（Muhammad Yunus）的挑戰(zhàn)。該基金是自去年放松管制后發(fā)展起來(lái)的又一家新成立的小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)。緊接著，中國(guó)最高金融管理機(jī)構(gòu)——中國(guó)人民銀行（PBOC）和銀監(jiān)會(huì)（CBRC）發(fā)布指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)加快推進(jìn)農(nóng)村金融產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)創(chuàng)新。并參加了今年3月初于北京舉行的全國(guó)政協(xié)代表大會(huì)。早在十年前，中國(guó)農(nóng)村地區(qū)根基最深、金融服務(wù)網(wǎng)點(diǎn)最多的農(nóng)村信用合作社（RCC）就已開(kāi)始提供小額信貸業(yè)務(wù)，至2007年底，（約4710億美元）。即便如此，農(nóng)民也得找一到兩名鄰居作擔(dān)保人?！拔覀兛隙〞?huì)繼續(xù)為當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民提供小額信貸服務(wù)。在幾年前《晚間商業(yè)報(bào)道》（Nightly Business Report）組織的一次訪談中，尤努斯談到，“我去銀行請(qǐng)他們向窮人放貸。6個(gè)月后，我以自己的名義向銀行申請(qǐng)擔(dān)保貸款才最終解決了問(wèn)題。銀行本來(lái)說(shuō)我將再也收不回借款，最終還得自己掏腰包還貸。雖然聯(lián)保貸款是一大創(chuàng)新，但要付諸實(shí)踐還是需要許多努力。他還表示，與前幾年相比，現(xiàn)在銀行對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制已經(jīng)越來(lái)越重視，對(duì)貸款的管理也越來(lái)越嚴(yán)格。小額貸款由縣擔(dān)保公司提供連帶擔(dān)保，另外需5人以上的農(nóng)戶聯(lián)保即可。肖指出，要解決這一問(wèn)題，需要全社會(huì)共同努力，改善農(nóng)村地區(qū)的信用制度和信用環(huán)境?！庇扰乖?月初中國(guó)之行中的一次訪談中談到，“我們的銀行是為窮人服務(wù)的?！案袢R珉銀行更注重借貸人的未來(lái)，而不是過(guò)去。瓊中縣還建立了小額貸款服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，對(duì)貸款農(nóng)戶進(jìn)行跟蹤服務(wù)，提供全程幫助和督導(dǎo)。中國(guó)最南部的海南省瓊中縣推出的小額貸款服務(wù)，被認(rèn)為是過(guò)去兩年間農(nóng)村信用社與當(dāng)?shù)卣娃r(nóng)戶成功合作的典范模式之一。”在曹鳳林所工作的通州市農(nóng)村信用合作聯(lián)社，對(duì)擔(dān)保人的要求相對(duì)比較靈活，“但你還是得找個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件較好的街坊鄰居做擔(dān)保人?！覈L試了，并發(fā)現(xiàn)這是可行的?！缓笪夷玫藉X并分給了當(dāng)?shù)氐母F人。他們告訴我銀行不能借錢給窮人，因?yàn)檫@些人是不值得信任的。當(dāng)前的金融危機(jī)使得風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制在金融業(yè)中愈顯重要。其中，有近1億元（約1470萬(wàn)美元）是向當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)戶提供的小額貸款。按照格萊珉銀行的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，蕭山農(nóng)村合作銀行的單筆小額貸款金額也許顯得非常巨大，但在中國(guó)其他欠發(fā)達(dá)的農(nóng)村地區(qū)，貸款金額則少很多，比如幾百元的貸款也比較常見(jiàn)。小額信貸在緩解中國(guó)就業(yè)壓力方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。國(guó)家開(kāi)發(fā)銀行（NDB）原副行長(zhǎng)劉克崮表示，“這不僅僅是在為貧困群體服務(wù)。中國(guó)13億人口中有近70%都是農(nóng)民，并且城鄉(xiāng)貧富差距還在不斷加大。這位孟加拉銀行家已向世界證明，即便是在最困難的環(huán)境下，向窮人或其他創(chuàng)業(yè)者提供小額貸款依然有利可圖。borrower cannot return the money, we are not angry or punishing [towards] him。I don39。They explained to me that the bank cannot lend money to poor people because these people are not creditworthy. So a long series of debates began with me and the banking system. Finally, I resolved it after about six months by offering myself as a guarantor. I said, 39。只有在完善的規(guī)章制度的約束下，在民間金融發(fā)展成熟的社會(huì)環(huán)境中民間資金才能正真轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榇龠M(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的社會(huì)資金。 4 總結(jié)和展望 通過(guò)上述對(duì)民間借貸的論述，我們得知民間借貸對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展有正反兩方面的作用，它既能成為推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的動(dòng)力也能對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展起阻礙作用。實(shí)業(yè)多條路徑受阻，民間資本進(jìn)入實(shí)業(yè)渠道狹窄，客觀上使得民間資本變身熱錢，炒房、炒股、炒大蒜……一旦從現(xiàn)實(shí)層面打破玻璃門，相信會(huì)有不少民間資本進(jìn)入該領(lǐng)域。各地政府和有關(guān)部門應(yīng)該盡快出臺(tái)支持和引導(dǎo)非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的配套細(xì)則,同時(shí)對(duì)不利于民間投資和民營(yíng)企業(yè)發(fā)展的政策規(guī)定進(jìn)行清理和修改。通過(guò)稅收、財(cái)政等政策，引導(dǎo)民間投資走向高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)等國(guó)家支持發(fā)展的產(chǎn)業(yè)。然后相關(guān)的審批、審計(jì)等部門要以此作為依據(jù)來(lái)審理通過(guò)民間借貸擔(dān)保公司的成立，加強(qiáng)與其溝通，限制其超量借貸，以防民間借貸的資金不能轉(zhuǎn)化為民間資本投資實(shí)業(yè)，卻成為游資投機(jī)取巧。對(duì)于民間借貸的依法管理，國(guó)外成熟的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的做法已經(jīng)為我們提供了有益的借鑒。對(duì)于民間貸款組織的監(jiān)管，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)將工作重點(diǎn)放在事前的監(jiān)督檢查上，而不是只知道事后的處罰，我們首先要注重制度的制定與實(shí)施；對(duì)于民間貸款機(jī)構(gòu)從業(yè)人員的管理，首先要對(duì)其從業(yè)資格進(jìn)行審查，以保證是由具備一定專業(yè)知識(shí)、專業(yè)技能和具有相當(dāng)相關(guān)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人員在管理借貸機(jī)構(gòu)。3 民間資本借貸行為管理對(duì)策 通過(guò)以上論述分析，我們