【正文】 the string is the name of one of the object’s attributes, the result is the value of that attribute. For example, getattr(x, 39。 the interpretation is the same as for integer literals. (See Numeric literals.) If base is specified and x is not a string, TypeError is raised. Otherwise, the argument may be a plain or long integer or a floating point number. Conversion of floating point numbers to integers truncates (towards zero). If the argument is outside the integer range a long object will be returned instead. If no arguments are given, returns 0. 35. isinstance(object, classinfo) Return true if the object argument is an instance of the classinfo argument, or of a (direct or indirect) subclass thereof. Also return true if classinfo is a type object (newstyle class) and object is an object of that type or of a (direct or indirect) subclass thereof. If object is not a class instance or an object of the given type, the function always returns false. If classinfo is neither a class object nor a type object, it may be a tuple of class or type objects, or may recursively contain other such tuples (other sequence types are not accepted). If classinfo is not a class, type, or tuple of classes, types, and such tuples, a TypeError exception is raised. 36. issubclass(class, classinfo) Return true if class is a subclass (direct or indirect) of classinfo. A class is considered a subclass of itself. classinfo may be a tuple of class objects, in which case every entry in classinfo will be checked. In any other case, a TypeError exception is raised. 37. 導(dǎo)管，窗口，容器， 數(shù)據(jù)的窗口化 iter(o[, sentinel]) Return an iterator object. The first argument is interpreted very differently depending on the presence of the second argument. Without a second argument, o must be a collection object which supports the iteration protocol (the __iter__() method), or it must support the sequence protocol (the __getitem__() method with integer arguments starting at 0). If it does not support either of those protocols, TypeError is raised. If the second argument, sentinel, is given, then o must be a callable object. The iterator created in this case will call o with no arguments for each call to its next() method。 假如第二個參數(shù)被給出，然后 O 必須是一個可被調(diào)用的對象。) returns [39。, 39。 the result is always a list. max(iterable[, args...][, key]) With a single argument iterable, return the largest item of a nonempty iterable (such as a string, tuple or list). With more than one argument, return the largest of the arguments. The optional key argument specifies a oneargument ordering function like that used for (). The key argument, if supplied, must be in keyword form (for example, max(a,b,c,key=func)). 44. memoryview(obj) Return a “memory view” object created from the given argument. See memoryview type for more information. 45．最小值 min(iterable[, args...][, key]) With a single argument iterable, return the smallest item of a nonempty iterable (such as a string, tuple or list). With more than one argument, return the smallest of the arguments. next(iterator[, default]) Retrieve the next item from the iterator by calling its next() method. If default is given, it is returned if the iterator is exhausted, otherwise StopIteration is raised. 用法： 47. object() Return a new featureless object. object is a base for all new style classes. It has the methods that are mon to all instances of new style classes. oct(x) Convert an integer number (of any size) to an octal string. The result is a valid Python expression. 用法： 49． open(filename[, mode[, bufsize]]) Open a file, returning an object of the file type described in section File Objects. If the file cannot be opened, IOError is raised. When opening a file, it’s preferable to use open() instead of invoking the file constructor directly. ASCⅡ碼 ord(c) Given a string of length one, return an integer representing the Unicode code point of the character when the argument is a unicode object, or the value of the byte when the argument is an 8bit string. For example, ord(39。) returns 8224. This is the inverse of chr() for 8bit strings and of unichr() for unicode objects. If a unicode argument is given and Python was built with UCS2 Unicode, then the character’s code point must be in the range [0..65535] inclusive。 39。 if two multiples are equally close, rounding is done away from 0 (so. for example, round() is and round() is ). ，但是不改變原始數(shù)據(jù) set([iterable]) Return a new set, optionally with elements taken from iterable. The set type is described in Set Types — set, frozenset. 62. setattr(object, name, value) This is the counterpart of getattr(). The arguments are an object, a string and an arbitrary value. The string may name an existing attribute or a new attribute. The function assigns the value to the attribute, provided the object allows it. For example, setattr(x, 39。 its goal is to return a printable string. I