【正文】 激光而且內(nèi)核較小；多模光纖，它能傳輸來(lái)自半導(dǎo)體二極管的較短波長(zhǎng)的紅外光。The History of Fiber Optics纖維光學(xué)的歷史Fiber optics is based on sending signals by light. Earlier, it was done so by transmitting the signals via air, a prehistoric wireless munication.u prehistoric adj. 史前的；舊式的；陳腐的纖維光學(xué)基于用光傳送信號(hào)。 已不用的18世紀(jì)90年代，纖維光學(xué)首先踏入了灰光燈（舞臺(tái)照明用）的領(lǐng)域。Alexander Graham Bell invented an optical telephone or photophone, but this was quickly rendered useless when the telephone proved more efficient, cheap, and reliable, considering wires transmitted electric signals better than air transmits light. u considering prep. 鑒于, 考慮到, 顧及亞歷山大It was later, in the mid19th century that the concept of total internal reflection was discovered. Water was the medium first experimented with, and scientists soon turned to prisms and glass. Breakthrough discoveries were made by people like John Logie Baird in England and Clarence W. Hansell in the United States, who made important contributions with regards to fiber optics and television. However, the first person who really showed the demonstration of transmitting images by light was Heinrich Lamm, a student living in Munich, who dreamed of exploring the human body by means of fiber optics. As engineers perfected fiber optics usage for medicine, they turned towards the munications sector.u breakthrough n. 突破u contribution n. 捐獻(xiàn), 貢獻(xiàn), 投稿u with regard to adv. 關(guān)于u Munich n. 慕尼黑(德國(guó)城市,巴伐利亞州首府)u perfec tvt. 使完美, 修改, 使熟練u sector n. 部門(mén)；界后來(lái)，在19世紀(jì)中葉，全內(nèi)反射的概念被發(fā)現(xiàn)。貝爾德和美國(guó)的克拉倫斯隨著工程師們完善了纖維光學(xué)在醫(yī)學(xué)上的應(yīng)用，他們又將目標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)向了通信行業(yè)。KToday Fiber Optics is a serious petition for the more established munications systems. Compared to the monly used copper wire, optical fibers are cheaper, thinner, more flexible, nonflammable, lightweight, low powered (and thus cheaper for the user), carries more information, and has less impurities and loss of signal.u petition n. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng), 競(jìng)賽u established adj. 已制定的, 確定的u copper n. 銅u flexible , 柔軟的u nonflammable adj. 不易燃的u lightweight adj. 重量輕的；不重的：u impurity n. 雜質(zhì), 混雜物, 不潔, 不純今天，纖維光學(xué)對(duì)那些已有的通信系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的挑戰(zhàn)。First, the transmitter turns the light in a series of ons and offs. Thus this creates an almost Morse codelike signal that is sent through the optical fibers, often with the aid of a lens. The optical regenerator is not mandatory, but is very useful when transmitting light long distances, since often the light gets weakened by constant internal reflection. The regenerator dopes the light rays, or absorbs them with special doping optical fibers and spits them out again as stronger and clearer rays. The optical receiver is the last participant in the relay. It takes in the light rays using sensors called photocells and translates it into electrical signals, to be used in televisions or puters.u morse code 莫爾斯電碼；摩爾斯電碼u mandatory adj. 強(qiáng)制的,命令的, 托管的u dope v. 在...上涂料u doping (半導(dǎo)體)摻雜(質(zhì)), 加添加劑[填料]u spit vt., vi. 吐，吐出；吐口水u participant n. 參與者, 共享者u photocell n. 光電池首先，發(fā)送器將光轉(zhuǎn)換成一系列的“開(kāi)”和“關(guān)”。光接收器是繼電器中的最后參加者。纖維光學(xué)已經(jīng)對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域做出重要貢獻(xiàn)，特別是外科手術(shù)。因?yàn)楣饫w是如此的靈活，它能到達(dá)人體彎曲的部位，例如胃、心臟、血管和關(guān)節(jié)。有一個(gè)角度，稱為臨界角，在此時(shí)，光線能返回第一種介質(zhì)，而后在兩介質(zhì)間傳輸，而不穿過(guò)第二種介質(zhì)。包層是第二種介質(zhì)，在其與內(nèi)核相切的表面處，光線反彈回去。對(duì)于光纖來(lái)說(shuō)，光線傳輸?shù)慕嵌韧笥谂R界角，因此包層對(duì)光沒(méi)有任何吸收。最近，你可能在鏡子中看到了你的映像。s learn about the different types of mirrors and what kind of images they produce. There are two basic types of mirrors: plane。First we will focus on mirrors, but before we go onto the specifics, here are a few basic terms that will help you throughout the section:u specifics n. 細(xì)節(jié)u term n. 術(shù)語(yǔ)首先我們來(lái)關(guān)注反射鏡，但是在我們具體研究之前，有一些基本的術(shù)語(yǔ)會(huì)幫助你理解這篇文章。5 Mirrors and LensesLenses and mirrors play important roles in our daily lives even though we may not notice them. Even now, as you are reading this, you are using the cornea lens in each eye and if you use eyewear such as contacts or glasses, you are also using those lenses to view this page. Recently you have probably seen your reflection in a mirror. In this lesson, we will explore different types of lenses and see how they impact vision.u eyewear n. 眼鏡u contacts n. 隱形眼鏡u reflection n. 映像透鏡和反射鏡在我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪衅鹬浅Ｖ匾淖饔?，盡管我們可能沒(méi)有太注意它們。光線連續(xù)地在它們中間反彈，二者誰(shuí)都不吸收。這就時(shí)光纖的工作原理。纖維光學(xué)在心臟手術(shù)中已顯示出重要性，因?yàn)樗梢圆淮騺y這一脆弱器官的機(jī)能。光被送入有疑問(wèn)的位置，然后反射回來(lái)的就是醫(yī)生想看到的部位，并被送回到接收器。Getting into the Nooks and Crannies進(jìn)入隱蔽處或裂縫中One of the most useful characteristics of optical fibers is their ability to enter the minute passageways and hardtoreach areas of the human body. Fiber optics has made important contributions to the medical field, especially with regards to surgery. This has been acplished by cutting and polishing the ends of a very slim bundle of fibers, to form a fiberscope. The light is sent to the site of inquiry, reflected off of the area that the doctor wishes to see, and sent back to a receiver. Afterwards, the image is magnified to be analyzed. Because optical fibers are so flexible, they are able to navigate around the curvy parts of the human body in areas such as the stomach, heart, blood vessels, and joints. It is now even being possible to do surgery with instruments attached to the optical fibers, such as joint surgeries. Fiber optics is being especially important in heart surgery, since it can be done without disturbing the functioning of this delicate organ.u nook n. 隱蔽處u cranny n. 裂縫, 裂隙u minute adj. 微小的：異常小的，極細(xì)微的u passageway n. 過(guò)道, 出入口u cutting n. 切片, 切斷。光學(xué)再生器不是必需的，但是當(dāng)長(zhǎng)距離傳輸光時(shí)是非常有用的，因?yàn)楣饨?jīng)過(guò)不斷的內(nèi)部反射會(huì)減弱。A Ray Relay光線繼電器A Fiber Optics system is like a relay of light rays. A fiber optics system usually consists of the following relay runners: transmitter, optical fiber, optical regenerator, and optical receiver. u relay runners接力賽跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員u regenerator n. 再生器纖維光學(xué)系統(tǒng)看起來(lái)象光線繼電器。他們提出一個(gè)建議，需要基于單模光纖的纖維光學(xué)遠(yuǎn)程通信系統(tǒng)，因?yàn)閱文９饫w適于傳輸遠(yuǎn)距離信息。當(dāng)越來(lái)越多的實(shí)驗(yàn)被完成，科學(xué)家們沮喪地認(rèn)識(shí)到對(duì)長(zhǎng)距離傳輸用光來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)似乎太沒(méi)有價(jià)值了。然而，第一個(gè)真正用光演示傳送的圖像的人是海因里希英國(guó)的約翰貝爾發(fā)明一部光電話，它很快被放棄了。恰佩發(fā)明了“光學(xué)電報(bào)機(jī)”（1791年），它由塔上一系列的旗語(yǔ)組成，在塔上操作者可以轉(zhuǎn)播信息。The field of fiber optics first placed a foot into the limelight in the 1790’s, when French engineer Claude Chappe invented