【正文】
the rectangular coordinate system and the polar coordinate system. By far, the more popular of these two is the rectangular coordinate system.The program zero point establishes the point of reference for motion mands in a CNC program. This allows the programmer to specify movements from a mon location. If program zero is chosen wisely, usually coordinates needed for the program can be taken directly from the print.With this technique, if the programmer wishes the tool to be sent to a position one inch to the right of the program zero point, is manded. If the programmer wishes the tool to move to a position one inch above the program zero point, is manded. The control will automatically determine how many times to rotate each axis drive motor and ball screw to make the axis reach the manded destination point . This lets the programmer mand axis motion in a very logical manner. Refer to , 3.All discussions to this point assume that the absolute mode of programming is used6. The most mon CNC word used to designate the absolute mode is G90. In the absolute mode, the end points for all motions will be specified from the program zero point. For beginners, this is usually the best and easiest method of specifying end points for motion mands. However, there is another way of specifying end points for axis motion.In the incremental mode (monly specified by G91), end points for motions are specified from the tool39。在論文即將完成之際,我的心情無(wú)法平靜,從開(kāi)始進(jìn)入課題到論文的順利完成,有多少可敬的師長(zhǎng)、同學(xué)、朋友給了我無(wú)言的幫助,在這里請(qǐng)接受我誠(chéng)摯的謝意!參考文獻(xiàn)1 張俊生.金屬切削機(jī)床與數(shù)控機(jī)床.北京機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1994:25~432 謝家瀛.機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)圖冊(cè).上海出版社,:44~733 明興祖.?dāng)?shù)控加工技術(shù).北京化工出版社,2002:47~604 趙萬(wàn)昌.電機(jī)工程手冊(cè).機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1982:129~1725 李福生.?dāng)?shù)控機(jī)床技術(shù)手冊(cè).北京出版社,1996:12~566 徐宏海,謝富春.?dāng)?shù)控銑床.北京化工出版社,2003:3~327 吳圣莊.金屬切削機(jī)床技術(shù).北京機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1985:43~568 林其駿.機(jī)床數(shù)控制系統(tǒng).中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,:12~469 孫承松.機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.1997:75~9410 王愛(ài)玲.機(jī)床.北京出版社.1983第9期:43~10011 顧維邦.金屬切削機(jī)床概念.北京機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1996:158~18912 趙月望.機(jī)械制造技術(shù)實(shí)踐.北京機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1993:43~9013 趙長(zhǎng)德.微機(jī)原理與接口技術(shù).中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,:34~9814 Gu, L. Z., Wang, d., Xing, L., simulation and optimization of metal cutting process for mild carbon steels, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 129 (2002) 60~6515 Didjanin, L. and Kovac, P., Fracture mechanisms in chip formation processes, Materials Science and Technology 13 (1997) 439~444附錄CNC machineWhile the specific intention and application for CNC machines vary from one machine type to another, all forms of CNC have mon benefits. Here are but a few of the more important benefits offered by CNC equipment.The first benefit offered by all forms of CNC machine tools is improved automation. The operator intervention related to producing workpieces can be reduced or eliminated. Many CNC machines can run unattended during their entire machining cycle, freeing the operator to do other tasks. This gives the CNC user several side benefits including reduced operator fatigue, fewer mistakes caused by human error, and consistent and predictable machining time for each workpiece. Since the machine will be running under program control, the skill level required of the CNC operator (related to basic machining practice) is also reduced as pared to a machinist producing workpieces with conventional machine tools.The second major benefit of CNC technology is consistent and accurate workpieces. Today39。這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)不僅給我?guī)?lái)了知識(shí)上的收獲,在做人方面也教會(huì)了我許多許多,在對(duì)待事情方面,尤其是有選擇的時(shí)候自己該放棄什么,該抓住什么。當(dāng)然還有我身邊的那些同學(xué),在我有疑惑的時(shí)候總是不厭其煩的給我解釋清楚。致謝畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)很快結(jié)束了,在這段時(shí)間里,不僅僅感覺(jué)到的是忙碌,還有忙碌后做完一件令自己心動(dòng)的東西時(shí)的那種無(wú)聲的喜悅。改造后的X6132能夠完成加工鍵槽、平面和孔等一般加工,還能加工復(fù)雜的零件,且精度高。脂潤(rùn)滑的優(yōu)點(diǎn):潤(rùn)滑膜強(qiáng)度高,能夠承受較大的載荷,不易流失,容易密封,一次加脂可以維持相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間,方便簡(jiǎn)單。要求保持高旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),須采用高精度軸承,并提高軸及軸承箱的尺寸精度,避免過(guò)盈過(guò)大。配合的選擇一般按下述原則進(jìn)行:根據(jù)作用于軸承的負(fù)荷方向、性質(zhì)及內(nèi)外圈的哪一方旋轉(zhuǎn),則各套圈所承受的負(fù)荷可分為旋轉(zhuǎn)負(fù)荷、靜止負(fù)荷或不定向負(fù)荷。在本次設(shè)計(jì)中,受力不是很大,選取前三后二的支承方式。雖然水冷卻系統(tǒng)能帶走一部分熱能,但仍會(huì)導(dǎo)致因溫升而產(chǎn)生熱伸長(zhǎng)。 3. 兩端游動(dòng)支承對(duì)于一對(duì)人字齒輪軸,由于人字齒輪本身的相互軸向定位作用,它們的軸承內(nèi)外圈的軸向緊固應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)成只保證其中一根軸相對(duì)機(jī)座有固定的軸向位置,而另一根軸上的兩個(gè)軸承都必須是游動(dòng)的,以防止齒輪卡死或人字齒的兩側(cè)受力不均勻。2. 單支點(diǎn)雙向固定。 軸承的配置一般來(lái)說(shuō),一根軸需要兩個(gè)支點(diǎn),每個(gè)支點(diǎn)可由一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的軸承組成。并且是三支承方式。本次設(shè)計(jì)所以軸承的壽命符合要求。于是就將一批相同的軸承在同樣條件下分別旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),其中90%的軸承不出現(xiàn)滾動(dòng)疲勞損傷的總旋轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)稱做“軸承的基本額定壽命”(即可靠性為90%的壽命)。 軸承的選擇 軸承的壽命計(jì)算軸承在承受負(fù)荷旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),由于套圈滾道面及滾動(dòng)體滾動(dòng)面不斷地受到交變負(fù)荷的作用,即使在正常的使用條件下,也會(huì)因材料疲勞使?jié)L道面及滾動(dòng)面出現(xiàn)疲勞損傷。Y軸的齒輪副設(shè)計(jì)也與X軸相同,這里不再累贅。本次改造中附加摩擦力可通過(guò)碟形彈簧調(diào)節(jié),使之達(dá)到最佳自鎖狀態(tài)。這是考核垂向升降滾珠絲杠副結(jié)構(gòu)是否合理的重要指標(biāo)。這就是垂向滾珠絲杠副防逆轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的基本出發(fā)點(diǎn)。 Fm — N解決這一問(wèn)題的根本措施是將滑動(dòng)絲杠改為滾珠絲杠副,提高機(jī)械傳動(dòng)效率,當(dāng)采用滾珠絲杠副后,其矛盾就轉(zhuǎn)化為滾珠絲杠副逆運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的自鎖上。臨界轉(zhuǎn)速Nc用下式計(jì)算: 式中:λ — 絲杠支承方式系數(shù)(λ=);ρ — 絲杠材料密度(kg/mm3);S — 絲杠小徑截面積(mm2)。 滾珠絲杠副臨界轉(zhuǎn)速的驗(yàn)算 滾珠絲杠副的進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)的進(jìn)給速度是其導(dǎo)程和轉(zhuǎn)速?zèng)Q定的。滾珠絲杠副的軸向剛度Kz: (317)m由材料力學(xué)可知: 式中:G — 絲杠材料抗剪切彈性模量 (MPa) 鋼材的剪切彈性模量為80GPa; Jp — 絲杠小徑截面慣性矩 (mm4); X = La(兩支承端中心點(diǎn)距離115mm)Kn=392103N/um。軸承類別不同,剛度公式也不同。1. 絲杠的軸向剛度Ksz:絲杠的軸向剛度Ksz與其安裝方式有關(guān),本次改造設(shè)計(jì)中選取—雙推式支撐方式: 兩端推力軸承,此時(shí),絲杠軸向最小剛度發(fā)生在載荷作用點(diǎn)處于支承端距離一半,即La/2 處 ; (313)式中:S — 絲杠小徑截面積(mm2); E — 絲杠材料的彈性模量(MPa),106 Mpa La — 載荷作用點(diǎn)距雙推軸承的最大長(zhǎng)度(mm); 求得: Ksz=195N/um。設(shè)絲杠副的軸向剛度為Kz,導(dǎo)軌剛度為并將扭轉(zhuǎn)變形的扭轉(zhuǎn)角轉(zhuǎn)換為軸向變形,則滾珠絲杠副KN傳動(dòng)時(shí)的軸向總變形量δzz為: =式中:M—作用在絲杠上的扭矩(N 45鋼球直徑d 螺紋滾道法面半徑R 螺桿偏心距eE=(Rdq/z)sin=螺紋升角=arctg=3186。所以初選步進(jìn)電機(jī):130BF001 五相十拍分配方式檢驗(yàn)計(jì)算: (312)式中:Jm—電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量; Jt—系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量; T—系統(tǒng)時(shí)間常數(shù)(s) 加速時(shí)間T=50m/s故: Mamax=(Jt+Jm)nmax/102 = [(+7102)1000]/102 ?。? M=Mamax+Mf+Mo M=(M)由于采用步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng): 式中:φ—步進(jìn)電機(jī)步距角,; f —電機(jī)脈沖頻率,取16000Hz; i—電機(jī)與絲杠間的降速比,取5; n=80。 摩擦力矩: (39)式中:Fο—導(dǎo)軌摩擦力(); S— 絲杠螺距; ? — 齒輪降速比; h — 傳動(dòng)鏈總效率(~,); 求得:Fο=2106N; M?=。 確定齒輪傳動(dòng)比及模數(shù)和有關(guān)尺寸: 因?yàn)椴竭M(jìn)電機(jī)中距角=,滾珠絲桿螺距離t=5mm,要實(shí)現(xiàn)脈沖當(dāng)量=,在傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中應(yīng)加一級(jí)齒輪降速傳動(dòng),降速傳動(dòng)比: i===選Z=24,Z=50因傳遞的扭矩較小,取模數(shù)m=2,齒輪有關(guān)尺寸如下表:表31 齒輪的相關(guān)參數(shù) 關(guān)系式 Z Z Z 24 50 d=mz 48 100 d=d+2m 52 104