【正文】 關(guān)技術(shù). 2004..8[12] 劉惟信. 機(jī)械最優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì). 北京：清華大學(xué)出版社, 1990[13] 林寧主編. 汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì). 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1999[14] 楊維和主編. 汽車(chē)構(gòu)造. 北京：人民交通出版社，1998[15] 趙學(xué)敏. 汽車(chē)底盤(pán)構(gòu)造與維修. 國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社，[16] YU F.,Crolla ., Leaf spring to the independent suspension design and analysis ，Vehicle Suspension Dynamic，1998[17] Griffin，. Evaluation of vibration with respect to human response. Warrendale PA: SAE paper 860047致 謝這次設(shè)計(jì)是在遼寧工業(yè)大學(xué)單鵬老師的悉心指導(dǎo)下完成的。感謝遼寧工業(yè)大學(xué)汽車(chē)與交通工程學(xué)院的所有老師。附 錄Ⅰ：外文資料Automotive Suspension System OverviewThe impact of the Vehicle in many aspects, Suspension plays a very important role . The ponents of the suspension system perform six basic functions: correct vehicle ride height.2. Reduce the effect of shock forces.3. Maintain correct wheel alignment.4. Support vehicle weight.5. Keep the tires in contact with the road.6. Control the vehicle’s direction of travel.Most suspension systems have the same basic parts and operate basically in the same way. They differ, however, in the way the parts are arranged. The vehicle wheel is attached to a steering knuckle. The steering knuckle is attached to the vehicle frame by two control arms, which are mounted so they can pivot up and down. A coil spring is mounted between the lower control arm and the frame.When the wheel rolls over a bump, the control arms move up and press the spring. When the wheel rolls into a dip, the control arms move down and the springs expand. The spring force brings the control arms and the wheel back into the normal position as soon as the wheel is on flat pavement. The idea is to allow the wheel to move up and down while the frame, body, and passengers stay smooth and level. The unequal length control arm or short, long arm (SLA) suspension system has been mon on American vehicles for many years. Because each wheel is independently connected to the frame by a steering knuckle, ball joint assemblies, and upper and lower control arms, the system is often described as an independent suspension. The short, long arm suspension system gets its name from the use of two control arms from the frame to the steering knuckle and wheel assembly. The two control arms are of unequal length with a long control arm on the bottom and a short control arm on the top. The control arms are sometimes called A arms because in the top view they are shaped like the letter A. In the short, long arm suspension system, the upper control arm is attached to a cross shaft through two bination rubber and metal bushings. The cross shaft, in turn, is bolted to the frame. A ball joint, called the upper ball joint, is attached to the outer end of the upper arm and connects to the steering knuckle through a tapered stud held in position with a nut. The inner ends of the lower control arm have pressedin bushings. Bolts, passing through the bushings, attach the arm to the frame. The lower ball joint is usually pressed into the control arm and connects to the steering knuckle through a tapered stud that is held in position with a nut. A ball joint is used on the control arms because it allows movement in more than one direction. It allows the upanddown motion required as the wheels pass over dips and bumps. This type of joint also allows sidetoside motion as the wheels are turned back and forth for turns.For the upper and lower ball joint, the ball stud in the ball joint is a tapered stud at one end with a ballshaped end. The ball end is supported in a similarly shaped housing called a socket. The shape of the housing allows the ball stud to turn around or move side to side. A plastic or sintered iron bearing is positioned between the ball and socket .The bearing allows the ball stud to turn in relation to the housing for steering. The tapered stud and nut hold the ball joint in position in the steering knuckle.There are four basic types of springs used in suspensions: coil, torsion bar, leaf spring, and air spring. The coil spring is the most popular type of spring in both front and rear suspension systems. It is simply a round bar of spring steel that is wound into the shape of a coil. Usually, the top and bottom coils are closer together than the middle coils. A coil spring is monly used on the short, long arm suspension system. Some cars have the spring mounted from the frame to the upper control arm. In either case, the shock absorber is mounted through the center of the spring. Most short, long arm systems use a stabilizer bar between the two sides of the suspension. The sway bar connects both lower control arms to the frame crossmember. Movements affecting one wheel are partially transmitted to the opposite wheel through the frame to stabilize body roll. The sway bar is attached to the frame crossmember and lower control arms through rubber insulator bushings to reduce noise and vibrations. Sway bar end bushings and crossmember bushings are permanently installed on the sway bar.The advantages of the coil spring are its pactness, lack of moving parts, and excellent weight supporting characteristics.The disadvantage of a coil spring is its weakness in supporting sidetoside or lateral movement. When coil springs are used at the drive wheels, heavy traction bars or torque tubes are often required to maintain axle housing alignment.A number of vehicles use a torsion bar spring. It is a long, solid steel shaft that is anchored at one end to the suspensions control arm and at the other end to the vehicle39。但是，各個(gè)部件的安裝順序和位置上卻有不一樣。當(dāng)車(chē)輪通過(guò)凸起的路面時(shí)，控制臂向上運(yùn)動(dòng)壓縮彈簧。不等長(zhǎng)控制臂懸架系統(tǒng)在美國(guó)的汽車(chē)中已經(jīng)應(yīng)用很多年了。這控制臂有時(shí)叫做A型控制臂因?yàn)閺纳厦婵雌饋?lái)其形狀像字母A。下控制臂的內(nèi)端被壓入襯套。這種類型的連接，當(dāng)車(chē)輪來(lái)回轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)還可以左右運(yùn)動(dòng)。一個(gè)塑料的或者鐵軸承放置在球窩頭和插座之間。因?yàn)樗兇馐怯梢桓鶊A形彈簧鋼變成螺旋線圈形狀的。無(wú)論哪種方式，減振器都安裝在彈簧的中心線上。搖臂桿與車(chē)架橫構(gòu)件之間采用橡膠襯套以便降低噪聲和衰減振動(dòng)。如果將螺旋彈簧安裝在驅(qū)動(dòng)輪上，往往需要用。螺旋彈簧的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是：緊密度好，沒(méi)有可移動(dòng)部件，重量分配合理等。搖臂桿活動(dòng)的連接著低控制臂和車(chē)架橫構(gòu)件。螺旋彈簧普遍應(yīng)用在長(zhǎng)短臂懸架系統(tǒng)中。目前，懸架系統(tǒng)主要使用四種類型的彈簧：螺旋彈簧，扭桿彈簧，鋼板彈簧，空氣彈簧。球窩接頭的末端是通過(guò)一個(gè)形狀類似房子的叫插座的東西支持著。下控制臂窩球接頭通常被壓入控制臂內(nèi)以便通過(guò)處在正確位置的錐形螺栓和螺母與轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)連接。這個(gè)十字軸依次與車(chē)架脫離。這種長(zhǎng)短臂懸架系統(tǒng)名字的由來(lái)是因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)控制臂的用處，他們關(guān)系著車(chē)身到轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)和車(chē)輪的裝配。當(dāng)車(chē)輪在平坦的路面上行駛時(shí)，彈簧力使得控制臂和車(chē)輪回歸原來(lái)的位置。轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)是由兩個(gè)控制臂安裝在車(chē)架