【正文】 92 （ 1）法定存款準(zhǔn)備率是指以法律形式規(guī)定商業(yè)銀行等金融機(jī)構(gòu)將其吸收存款的一部分上繳中央銀行作為準(zhǔn)備金的比率。 2如何理解不同體制下中央銀行的貨幣政策工具？你認(rèn)為現(xiàn)階段我國中央銀行應(yīng)如何運(yùn)用貨幣政策工具？ 391397 （ 1）計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下中央銀行實(shí)行直接調(diào)控，說明中央銀行的地位、以及可用的貨幣政策工具，如信貸規(guī)模 、利率管制、直接干預(yù)等； （ 2）市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下中央銀行實(shí)行間接調(diào)控，說明中央銀行的地位，以及可用貨幣政策工具，包括存款準(zhǔn)備金政策、再貼現(xiàn)政策和公開市場政策，并分析間接調(diào)控下這些工具所具備的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)； （ 3）我國現(xiàn)階段已確立了社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制，在由計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)向市場經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)化的過程中，中央銀行應(yīng)大力推進(jìn)貨幣政策工具由直接調(diào)控為主向間接調(diào)控為主轉(zhuǎn)化。 ４，從實(shí)際出發(fā)進(jìn)行兩大政策的搭配運(yùn)用。 金融監(jiān)管的必要性體現(xiàn)在三個(gè)方面： （ 1）金融行業(yè)的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性和金融市場的負(fù)外部效應(yīng)使金融監(jiān)管顯得相當(dāng)必要； （ 2）中央銀行為維護(hù)金融秩序，保護(hù)公開競爭，提高金融效率必須進(jìn)行金融監(jiān)管； （ 3）為防范金融危機(jī)，應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對金融業(yè)的監(jiān)管，降低社會成本，減少金融危機(jī)對實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)的危害。政府對金融實(shí)行過度干預(yù)，對金融活動(dòng)作出種種限制。該理論被認(rèn)為是對發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和貨幣金融理論的主要貢獻(xiàn)。s 10 mustsee animations】 The Chinese animation industry has seen considerable growth in the last several years. It went through a golden age in the late 1970s and 1980s when successively brilliant animation work was produced. Here are 10 mustsee classics from China39。s education. Proponents of the show claim that it is merely for entertainment. Effendi Effendi, meaning sir and teacher in Turkish, is the respectful name for people who own wisdom and knowledge. The hero39。s law. In order to pass this holy book to human beings, he would have to get by the antagonist fox. The whole animation is characterized by charming Chinese painting, including pavilions, ancient architecture, rippling streams and crowded markets, which fully demonstrate the unique beauty of China39。s trip to the West to take the Buddhistic sutra. They met a white bone evil, and the evil transformed human appearances three times to seduce the monk. Twice Monkey King recognized it and brought it down. The monk was unable to recognize the monster and expelled Sun Wukong. Xuan Zang was then captured by the monster. Fortunately Bajie, another apprentice of Xuan Zang, escaped and persuaded the Monkey King to e rescue the monk. Finally, Sun kills the evil and saves Xuan Zang. The outstanding animation has received a variety of awards, including the 6th Hundred Flowers Festival Award and the Chicago International Children39。s feud with Nezha over his son39。t want to steal food like other mice. Shuke became a pilot and Beita became a tank driver, and the pair met accidentally and became good friends. Then they befriended a boy named Pipilu. With the help of PiPilu, they cofounded an airline named Shuke Beita Airlines to help other animals. Although there are only 13 episodes in this series, the content is very pact and attractive. The animation shows the preciousness of friendship and how people should be brave when facing difficulties. Even adults recalling this animation today can still feel touched by some scenes. Secrets of the Heavenly Book Secrets of the Heavenly Book, (Chinese: 天書奇談 ) also referred to as Legend of the Sealed Book or Tales about the Heavenly Book, was released in 1983. The film was produced with rigorous dubbing and fluid bination of music and vivid animations. The story is based on the classic literature Ping Yao Zhuan, meaning The Suppression of the Demons by Feng Menglong. Yuangong, the deacon, opened the shrine and exposed the holy book to the human world. He carved the book39。s recall these colorful images that brought the country great joy. Calabash Brothers Calabash Brothers (Chinese: 葫蘆娃 ) is a Chinese animation TV series produced by Shanghai Animation Film Studio. In the 1980s the series was one of the most popular animations in China. It was released at a point when the Chinese animation industry was in a relatively downed state pared to the rest of the international munity. Still, the series was translated into 7 different languages. The episodes were produced with a vast amount of papercut animations. Black Cat Detective Black Cat Detective (Chinese: 黑貓警長 ) is a Chinese animation television series produced by the Shanghai Animation Film Studio. It is sometimes known as Mr. Black. The series was originally aired from 1984 to 1987. In June 2021, a rebroadcasting of the original series was announced. Critics bemoan the series39。 金融壓制論與金融深化論的不足之處是：過分強(qiáng)調(diào)金融自由化； 過分強(qiáng)調(diào)金融在經(jīng)濟(jì)中的作用；認(rèn)為解決了經(jīng)濟(jì) 問題便萬事大吉的觀點(diǎn)具有片面性。 （ 1）金融壓制論與金融深化論是美國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家羅納德 .麥金農(nóng)和愛德華 .肖在 70 年代提出的。 2簡述發(fā)展中國家 貨幣金融發(fā)展的特征。狹義的金融監(jiān)管是指中央銀行或其他金融監(jiān)管當(dāng)局依據(jù)國家法律規(guī)定對整個(gè)金融業(yè)（包括金融機(jī)構(gòu)和金融業(yè)務(wù)）實(shí)施的監(jiān)督管理。 2聯(lián)系我國實(shí)際，說明貨幣政策與財(cái)政政策的協(xié) 調(diào)配合。 （ 3）存款準(zhǔn)備金政策的不足之處： 作用過于巨大，不宜作為中央銀行日常調(diào)控貨幣供給的工具；政策效果在很大程度上受商業(yè)銀行超額存款準(zhǔn)備的影響。 特點(diǎn)：短期性，非政策性。 368－ 370/367368 原因：需求拉上的通貨膨脹，包括財(cái)政赤字，信 用通脹，投資需求膨脹，消費(fèi)需求膨脹。３，對金融機(jī)構(gòu)債權(quán)與基礎(chǔ)貨幣的投 放 1影響貨幣均衡實(shí)現(xiàn)的主要因素有哪些？ 364 主要有：１，中央銀行的市場干預(yù)和有效調(diào)控；２，國家財(cái)政收支要保持基本平衡；３，生產(chǎn)部門結(jié)構(gòu)要基本合理； ４，國際收支必須保持基本平衡。 1簡述基礎(chǔ)貨幣及其主要投放渠道。企業(yè)的交易性貨 幣需求產(chǎn)生于降低交易成本的需要。 （二）決定我國貨幣需求的微觀基礎(chǔ) 居民的貨幣需求。金融資產(chǎn)的收益率主要是指債券的利息率或股票的收益率于與貨幣需求反向變動(dòng)。但也有特殊情況，需要具體情況具體分析。從本質(zhì)上看，貨幣需求是在一定價(jià)格水平下人們從事經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)所需要的貨幣量。 1聯(lián)系我國實(shí)際說明貨幣需求的決定因素。一旦出現(xiàn)商業(yè)銀行資金緊張甚而出現(xiàn)整體性的銀行流動(dòng)性危機(jī)，或者政府需要立即支出大筆款項(xiàng)時(shí)，中央銀行應(yīng)該能夠立即擁有并付出相當(dāng)數(shù)量的可用資金。 （ 3）同時(shí)，國際游資也會因一國利率提高而大量涌進(jìn)該國，從而使該國緊縮通貨的效力受到削弱。 2）兩者的區(qū)別主要有：投資目的 不同；投資期限與穩(wěn)定性不同；對一國貨幣供應(yīng)量影響不同；對匯率和利率的影響不同。 258/260261 國際儲備，是指一國官方所擁有的可隨時(shí)用于彌補(bǔ)國際收支赤字、維持本國貨幣匯率的國際間可接受的一切資產(chǎn)。 ２，國際收對順差對經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響 首先，持續(xù)的國際收支順差將會使本幣產(chǎn)生升值的壓力，引致短期資本流入的大量增加，沖擊外匯市場，造成匯率的波動(dòng)，而匯率的波動(dòng)又強(qiáng)化了外匯投機(jī)，進(jìn)一步加劇外匯