【正文】 ation, and as such bees a powerful tool for reaching other human beings. The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broadbased airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques. Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirtyseven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast works, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have e to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer. 電視電視 以快速變化與發(fā)展為標志的最普遍、最具有影響力的一項現(xiàn)代技術，正在步 入一個極端復雜化與多樣化的新時代。 簡單說來，電視是以這種方式工作的，通過一個復雜的電子系統(tǒng)，電視能夠將一幅 圖像 (這幅圖像被聚焦在一部攝像機內的一塊特殊的光導底片上 )轉換成能經過導線 或電纜 發(fā)送出去的電子脈沖信號。電視這 個領域可以根據(jù)其發(fā)射方式分為兩類。 在那些年頭中，電視絕大部分一直由 ABC、 NBC、 CBS 這 些廣播電視公司控制著，這些廣播電視公司一直是新聞、信息和娛樂的主要提供者。s generosity. His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small munities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today. 安德魯 他的成功，部分來自于他銷售產品的能力，部分來 自于經濟蕭條時期的擴充策略。 卡內基經常說： 富有著 死去的人死得可恥。安德魯s War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations. One was Canada, which received its first large influx of Englishspeaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States. Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors. The third newer the United States based itself squarely on republican principles. Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose. In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial selfrule already existing. British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a homegrown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament. 美國革命 美國革命其實并不算是一場革命，因為它并未導致完全的和徹底的變化。 許多較閉塞的社區(qū)對這場戰(zhàn)爭幾乎一無所知。 第三個國家就是美國，它完全建立在共 和原則基礎上。 09 Suburbanization If by suburb is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nieenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly pact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 183039。 在其中，人們步行走動，商品靠馬車來運送。 相似的城市 化也發(fā)生在芝加哥和紐約。 幾年之 內，馬車就被廢棄了，電車網相互交織連接著各個重要的城區(qū)，從而形成了一種郊區(qū)化的潮 流，即密集的工業(yè)城市轉變成了分散的都市。 second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups。 幾乎所有的習慣用語都屬于俗語，而俚 語指的是為很多講這種語言的人理解但大多數(shù)人不把它們列入好的、正式用法之內的詞和短 語；俗語甚至俚語都可能在標準字典中查到，但是字典中會標明它們的性質。 有時候，多 數(shù)人從來不接受某些俚語，但是他們把這些俚語保存到集中記憶中。 不論何種語言，只會有很小一部分使用者 能夠意識到他們是在使用俗語或俚語。 考古學資料本身也是一種 歷史文獻，而不僅僅是文字資料的例證。 更簡潔地說，是石化了的人類行為。 我說的話，你通過空氣振動聽見，這 當然是人類造成的物質變化，也可能有重大的歷史意義，但這些話在考古學中未留下絲毫痕 跡，除非有人用錄音機錄下來或文書把這些話寫了下來。 然而，現(xiàn)代考古學通 過運用適當?shù)募夹g和比較的方法，在從泥炭、沙漠和凍土中所獲得的一些幸運發(fā)現(xiàn)的輔助下， 能夠填充這個空缺的很大部分。 任何由木頭、生皮、絨線、亞麻、草、毛發(fā)以及相似物質做成的東西除非在一些非 常特殊的條件下，幾年或幾個世紀以后，會在塵土中腐爛并消失。 這些記錄自有其獨特和不足之處，因而導致人們對考古歷史和更熟悉的文字記載歷史進行 相 當膚淺的對比。 這個過程創(chuàng)造了我們生活的人類世界，也創(chuàng)造了我們自身，因為 我們都是我們所處的時代和社會環(huán)境的產物。 11 Archaeology Archaeology is a source of history, not just a humble auxiliary discipline. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts. Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment. Archaeological data are all changes in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior. The sum total of these constitutes what may be called the archaeological record. This record exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contrast between archaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records. Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance. Yet they leave no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a dictaphone or written down by a clerk. The movement of troops on the battlefield may change the course of history, but this is equally ephemeral from the archaeologist39。 很多語言學家指出，大量俚語的形成需要三個 文化條件：第一，對社會中新事物的引入和接受；第二，一個由大量子群構成的多樣化人口； 第三，各子群與多數(shù)人口之間的聯(lián)系。俗語用法經常地被接受為標準用法。 這些詞和短語的意義已很確定并被列入了標準 詞典中。 這些中產階級希望在遠離老舊城市的地區(qū)擁有住宅，單一家庭住宅地區(qū) 的開發(fā)者滿足了他們的愿望。隨著工業(yè)化的加速發(fā)展，城市里出現(xiàn)了嚴重擁擠和相伴而來的社會壓力。 漸漸地，在與舊有的主要城區(qū)相毗鄰的地方，不斷涌現(xiàn)出由排房和公寓樓組成的工人 聚居區(qū)，包圍了工廠。s were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and