【正文】
on The analysts have to be interested in the impact of inflation on economic evaluations. There are two basic methods for researchers in the literature for consideration of inflation in their calculations. Constant (real) dollars: All cash flows are converted to money units that have constant purchasing power for eliminating inflation effects. It is generally easier to estimate future costs in constant dollars because the estimator is familiar with today’s values. On the other hand there are two weaknesses limiting the usefulness of the constant dollar: tax effects are ignored and no provision is made for differences inescalation rates among price and cost ponents (Biermann and Smidt 1990). It is denoted “R$”. Future dollars: In the amount of money units that are called future dollars actually exchanged at the time of each transaction for estimating cash flows. Future dollars are sometimes called thencurrent dollars, nominal dollars, or actual dollars. It is denoted as “A$” It is a simple matter to convert estimates in real dollar flow to actual dollar flow when inflation is assumed to be a constant rate. To make parisons between moary amounts which occur in different time periods, the differentvalued dollars must first be converted to constant value dollars in order to represent the same purchasing power over time (SharpBette and Park 1990). As an economic evaluation, when the rate of inflation increases, there is a corresponding increase in the market interest rate. Inflation is differential rather than uniform. Goods’ and services’ prices do not always change proportionately. Including the effect of inflation is a secondorder refinement for economic evaluations。在本章節(jié)中,忽略了現(xiàn)金流量的影響,表述了隱蔽性的概念以及列舉一些數(shù)據(jù)。通貨緊縮是通貨膨脹的對立面起到相反的效果,當(dāng)通貨緊縮時期,物價下降和貨幣購買力增加,將來將花費(fèi)更少的美元得到和今天相同的數(shù)量產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)。最初通貨膨脹一詞用來描述價值被貶值的貨幣的特征。然而,在物價上升相同比率時,家庭支出和實際的價值(效用)均不受其影響 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,通貨膨脹一詞的意思有所改變。更 確切地說,他們指的是某些特定產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)物價的上漲。如果消費(fèi)者的收入和生活成本增長相通,他們的效用隨著時間的流逝將是不變的。 貨幣的可變價值是通貨膨脹的原因。 通貨膨脹的類型如下: 成本推動通貨膨脹:生產(chǎn)者的成本增加轉(zhuǎn)嫁給消費(fèi)者 ,從而成本增長不成比例的拉動物價增長 需求拉動通貨膨脹:過度的消費(fèi)能力限制了儲蓄增長,從而帶動了物價的增長。 二通脹和利率之間的關(guān)系 通貨膨脹在一定程度上影響每個人。當(dāng)處在惡性通貨膨脹時(惡性通貨膨脹是通貨膨脹之中危險水平最高的),不受控制的通貨膨脹摧毀一個國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)水平 ( Park2020 )。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家必須預(yù)測美元的價值,開展工作關(guān)心通貨膨脹,而且他們必須研究:如果通貨膨脹程度上升到更高水平比如惡性通貨膨脹時,將會發(fā)生什么。 生產(chǎn)者物價指數(shù) (PPI):這個指數(shù)從所有商品的生產(chǎn)者 角度的計算物價的平均變化。 CPI 是測量在為被最后的消費(fèi)者使用的指定的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)被支付的物價方面的變化的一種合成物( Blank and Tarquin 2020)。 不變幣值模式:通過將所有的現(xiàn)金流量以固定的物價水平和固定的購買力轉(zhuǎn)換為貨幣來消除通貨膨脹的影響。 9 未來幣值模式:在稱為實際上為了估計現(xiàn)金流量在每筆交易時被兌換的將來價值金額的單位。通貨膨脹存在差別并非一 致。 稅后現(xiàn)金流量比較。通貨膨脹影響是對于經(jīng)濟(jì)估計的再次改進(jìn);首次經(jīng)濟(jì)估計改進(jìn)在與稅收的基礎(chǔ)現(xiàn)金流量。為了比較不同時期的貨幣水平,不同的貨幣價值首先必須轉(zhuǎn)換為隨著時間的流逝但購買力不變的固定幣值( SharpBette and Park 1990)。另一方面使用不變幣值也存在兩個弱點(diǎn):忽略了稅收影響和沒有提供物 價和成本構(gòu)成 ( Biermann 和 Smidt 1990) 。 CPI 也體現(xiàn)了既定生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下的零售價格