【正文】 用人字齒輪。 交錯軸斜齒輪或螺旋齒輪，他們是軸中心線既不相交也不平行。它們是以同樣的方法進(jìn)行制造。 蝸輪與交錯軸斜齒輪相似。蝸輪不是斜齒輪，因為其齒頂面做成中凹形狀以適配蝸桿曲率，目的是要形成線接觸而不是點接觸。當(dāng)然，如果每個構(gòu)件各自局部地包圍著對方的蝸輪機構(gòu)就是雙包圍蝸輪蝸桿機構(gòu)。 當(dāng)齒輪要用來傳遞相交軸之間的運動時，就需要某種形式的錐齒輪。在典型的錐齒輪安裝中，其中一個錐齒輪常常裝于支承的外側(cè)。然而在直齒圓柱齒輪情況下，在節(jié)線速度較高時，他們將發(fā)出噪音。這種齒輪之間的輪 齒作用是沿著一根直線上產(chǎn)生滾動與滑動相結(jié)合的運動并和蝸輪蝸桿的輪齒作用有著更多的共同之處。軸能夠承受彎曲，拉伸，壓縮或扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷，這些力相結(jié)合時，人們期望找到靜強度和疲勞強度作為設(shè)計的重要依據(jù)。短的轉(zhuǎn)動軸常常被稱為主軸。因之，設(shè)計者無論何時，動力傳遞零件，如齒輪或皮帶輪都應(yīng)該設(shè)置在靠近支持軸承附近。進(jìn)而有著大量的關(guān)于設(shè)計的問題，其中由于別的考慮例如剛度考慮，尺寸已得到較好的限制。因為兩個構(gòu)件開始以不同速度運轉(zhuǎn)而使打滑發(fā)生了，并且在作用過程中 能量散失，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致溫升。這個問題將必須對每個幾何機構(gòu)形狀分別進(jìn)行研究。 分析摩擦離合器和制動器的各種形式都 應(yīng)用一般的同樣的程序，下面的步驟是必需的： 1．假定或確定摩擦表面上壓力分布； 2．找出最大壓力和任一點處壓力之間的關(guān)系； 3．應(yīng)用靜平衡條件去找尋（ a）作用力；（ b）扭矩； (c)支反力。為了在結(jié)合過程中給變換作用予較長時間周期，夾爪可以是棘輪式的，螺旋型或齒型的。離合器需要同步操作。當(dāng)?shù)竭_(dá)超載點時聽到的“喀嚓”聲就被認(rèn)定為是所希望的信號聲。驅(qū)動作用是靠在套筒和平面之間契入的滾子來獲得。電磁線圈被裝入磁路中的某處。機械加工過程是一個產(chǎn)生 形狀的過程，在這過程中，驅(qū)動裝置使工件上的一些材料以切屑的形式被去除。對于鑄造、鍛造和壓力加工，每一個要生產(chǎn)的具體工件形狀，即使是一個零件，幾乎都要花費高額的加工費用。 嚴(yán)密的精度和良好的表面光潔度，機械加工的第二方面用途是建立在高精度和可能的表面光潔度基礎(chǔ)上。又如已鍛工件上的小孔加工，也是被鍛后緊接著進(jìn)行機械加工才完成的。 切削速度是切削刃通過工件表面的速率，它是以每分鐘英寸來表示。若工件或刀具作旋轉(zhuǎn)運動，進(jìn)給量是以每轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)過的英寸數(shù)目來度量的。它等于旋削中的切屑寬度或者等于線性切削中的切屑的厚度。圖中顯 示了一組典型等溫曲線，從中可以看出：像所能預(yù)料的那樣，當(dāng)工件材料在主變形區(qū)被切削時，沿著整個切屑的寬度上有著很大的溫度梯度，而當(dāng)在副變形區(qū)，切屑被切落時，切屑附近的前刀面上就有更高的溫度。當(dāng)考慮到未變形切屑厚度增加和切削速度，這情形就 更是復(fù)雜。其他切削參數(shù)的變化，實質(zhì)上對于被切離的單位體積消耗上并沒有什么影響，因此實際上對切削溫度沒有什么作 6 用。T 法，這方法也就是可提供高速鋼刀具溫度分布的詳細(xì)信息的方法。這項技術(shù)亦用于研究高速鋼單點車刀和麻花鉆的溫度分布。關(guān)于副刀刃，那是決定著工件的尺寸和表面光潔度的，后刀面磨損可能造成尺寸不合格的產(chǎn)品而且表面光潔度也差。這結(jié)果離切削刃一定距離處的前刀面上形成麻點凹坑，這些通常被認(rèn)為是前刀面的磨損。因此前刀面的磨損通常在高速切削時發(fā)生的。這種局部磨損通常稱作為凹坑性磨損，而且偶爾是非常嚴(yán)重的。然而對于各種高速鋼刀具，其磨損是屬于非均勻性磨損，已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)：當(dāng)其磨損允許連續(xù)甚至到嚴(yán)重失效開始，最有意義的是該刀具可以獲得重磨使用，當(dāng)然，在實際上，切削時間遠(yuǎn)比使用到失效的時間短。當(dāng)零件易損而且小小振動可能導(dǎo)致報廢時，或當(dāng)其位置是由機床主軸或模具來具體時，再或者當(dāng)公差要求很精密時，那寧可讓夾具去適應(yīng)零件位置，而不是相反。 現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)的特征是批量變得越來越小而產(chǎn)品的各種規(guī)格變化最大。事實上夾具的重要的裝置 —— 生產(chǎn)裝置的專向投資就加強了使夾具更加柔性化在經(jīng)濟上的支持。為了生產(chǎn)，零件要在夾具中被緊固，需要產(chǎn)生夾緊作 用，其有幾個與夾具柔順性無關(guān)的步驟：根據(jù)被加工的即基礎(chǔ)的 8 部分和工作特點，確定工件在夾具中的所需的位置，接著必須選擇若干穩(wěn)定平面的組合，這些穩(wěn)定平面就構(gòu)成工件被固定在夾具中確定位置上的夾持狀輪廓結(jié)構(gòu)，均衡所有各力和力矩，而且保證接近工件工作特點。按慣例，這個任 務(wù)可用人 — 機對話即幾乎完全自動化的方式來完成。因此夾具機構(gòu)造型過程的目的是產(chǎn)生合適的編程文件。 in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads bee high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft, the hand of the 10 gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load. Crossedhelical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossedhelical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not remended for use in the transmission of power. There is on difference between a crossed helical gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand。 Depth of peration of a cutting tool to inches dollars is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper peration of a cutting tool depth. Wears of Cutting Tool We already have been processed and the rattle of the countless cracks edge tool, we learn that tool wear are basically three forms : flank wear, the former flank wear and VNotch wear. Flank wear occurred in both the main blade occurred vice blade. On the main blade, shoulder removed because most metal chip mandate, which resulted in an increase cutting force and cutting temperature increase, If not allowed to check, That could lead to the work piece and the tool vibration and provide for efficient cutting conditions may no longer exist. Vicebladed on, it is determined work piece dimensions and surface finish. Flank wear size of the possible failure of the product and surface finish are also inferior. In most actual cutting conditions, as the principal in the former first deputy flank before flank wear, wear arrival enough, Tool will be effective, the results are made unqualified parts. As Tool stress on the surface uneven, chip and flank before sliding contact zone between stress, in sliding contact the start of the largest, and in contact with the tail of zero, so abrasive wear in the region occurred. This is because the card cutting edge than the nearby settlements near the more serious wear, and bladed chip due to the vicinity of the former flank and lost contact wear lighter. This results from a certain distance from the cutting edge of the surface formed before the knife point Ma pit, 16 which is usually considered before wear. Under normal circumstances, this is wear crosssectional shape of an arc. In many instances and for the actual cutting conditions, the former flank wear pared to flank wear light, Therefore flank wear more generally as a tool failure of scale signs. But because many authors have said in the cutting speed of the increase, Maeto surface temperature than the knife surface temperatures have risen faster. but because any form of wear rate is essentially temperature changes by the significant impact. Therefore, the former usually wear in highspeed cutting happen. The main tool flank wear the tail is not processed with the work piece surface in contact, Therefore flank wear than wear along with the ends more visible, which is the most mon. This is because the