論勞動(dòng)合同中的違約金制度-wenkub
2023-06-11 23:22:15 本頁(yè)面
【正文】 stipulate high quota penalty ,which can limit the employees’ freedom to choose job .This phenomena is one important reason for the huge sum of labor dispute lasted three years from the statement of Labor Contract Law to its validity because of the controversy about its legislative objective and other dispute which existed from the first trial to last trial of this law . Ultimately , Labor Contract Law officially implements from January of this year .Its aim is to protect the employees’ legitimate rights and interests and to safeguard the harmonious labor relations .This law set that the default penalty can be stipulated in the labor contract because of the special training which stipulates a service term and the petition restriction for the mercial secret. Therefor , it plays an influential role to prevent the employers to abuse the penalty provision and to protect the employees’ freedom to choose because the new law’s provisions are not very clear on some details and there’s no legal precedent to refer, there are still a lot of disputes in concrete cases . It always relies on the Discretion of the Judge to subside these disputes and urgently awaits the related judicial interpretation and the local laws to plete itself .Keyword: Breach of Contract service term petition restriction orientated protection3 / 15目錄內(nèi)容提要 ............................................................1ABSTRACT:...........................................................2一、 《勞動(dòng)合同法》違約金條款的出臺(tái)背景 ...............................4二、對(duì)可約定違約金的兩種情況的具體分析 ..............................5（一） 、在培訓(xùn)服務(wù)期約定中約定違約金。 而用人單位往往利用這一法律漏洞，設(shè)定高額違約金以限制勞動(dòng)者的擇業(yè)自由，從而引發(fā)了諸多不和諧的勞動(dòng)爭(zhēng)議案件。從提出到實(shí)施歷時(shí)三年之久的《勞動(dòng)合同法》，關(guān)于其立法宗旨等問題從草案（一審）到四次審議中一直飽受爭(zhēng)議，直至今年一月才正式實(shí)施。 ...............................5關(guān)于約定服務(wù)期的前提—— 專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn) ...............................6關(guān)于約定服務(wù)期的期限問題 .......................................8關(guān)于服務(wù)期的違約責(zé)任 ...........................................9（二） 、在競(jìng)業(yè)限制約定中約定違約金。在這種趨勢(shì)之下，關(guān)于違約金條款的規(guī)定應(yīng)然誕生：《勞動(dòng)合同法》第二十五條明確規(guī)定了只有在因?qū)ｍ?xiàng)培訓(xùn)約定服務(wù)期的和因商業(yè)機(jī)密約定競(jìng)業(yè)限制的這兩種情況下可以約定違約金。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的改革的深化，1995 年實(shí)施的《中華人民共和國(guó)勞動(dòng)法》第一次以法律形式確立了我國(guó)勞動(dòng)合同制度，適用了社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的要求，促進(jìn)了生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展。但仍未對(duì)違約金的性質(zhì)、數(shù)額以及適用范圍做明確規(guī)定，以至現(xiàn)實(shí)中出現(xiàn)勞動(dòng)合同雙方當(dāng)事人隨意約定違約金的情況。就是說，如果用人單位規(guī)定一般員工提前離職也必須支付違約金，這種約定是無效的。因此，制定具有統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的《勞動(dòng)合同法》，對(duì)違約金的適用范圍、數(shù)額等方面給予明確規(guī)定，是減少勞動(dòng)爭(zhēng)議、促進(jìn)勞動(dòng)力自由流通和建立和諧勞動(dòng)關(guān)系所必需的。《勞動(dòng)合同法》第二十二條規(guī)定“用人單位為勞動(dòng)者提供專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)費(fèi)用，對(duì)其進(jìn)行專業(yè)技術(shù)培訓(xùn)的，可以與該勞動(dòng)者訂立協(xié)議，約定服務(wù)期。 ”針對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)勞動(dòng)合同中泛濫的違約金條款，新法限制性規(guī)定了在用人單位為勞動(dòng)者提供專項(xiàng)技術(shù)培訓(xùn)的為前提的服務(wù)期中才可約定違約金，大大縮小了可約定違約金情形的范圍。最后，基于上述理論，立法者們僅將各類企業(yè)培訓(xùn)中具有人力資本投資性質(zhì)的專項(xiàng)技術(shù)培訓(xùn)列為可約定服務(wù)期的情形。 【2】 勞動(dòng)者在服務(wù)期約定中明顯承受較多的義務(wù)、受到較多的限制。而事實(shí)上，最初的《勞動(dòng)合同法(草案)》（以下簡(jiǎn)稱《草案》 ）第十五條規(guī)定：用人單位為勞動(dòng)者提供培訓(xùn)費(fèi)用，使勞動(dòng)者接受六個(gè)月以上脫產(chǎn)專業(yè)技術(shù)培訓(xùn)的，可以與勞動(dòng)者約定服務(wù)期….。鑒于此，草案一審稿將六個(gè)月的底限改為一個(gè)月，二審稿則進(jìn)
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