【正文】 behind.連詞(conj.)： 用來連接詞、短語或句子。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.動(dòng)詞(v.)： 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。名詞(n.)： 表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.代詞(pron.)： 主要用來代替名詞。如：am, is ,are, have, see .副詞(adv.)： 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度等。如and, but, before .感嘆詞(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 謂語動(dòng)詞說明主語的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。通常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如：He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫了一封信)有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語前構(gòu)成短語,放在直接賓語后面,來強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常幫我做功課) The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老師要我自學(xué)法語)☆同位語通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說明它的情況。 Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。專有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫。如：pupil, family, man, foot.普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。如：map → maps, boy→ boys, horse→ horses, table→ tables.②s, o, x , sh, ：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.[注]：少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加s。 wife—wives, knife—knives, wolf—wolves, thief—thieves, shelf—shelves, self—selves, half—halves, leafleaves不規(guī)則變化：man→men, woman→women, child→children, ox→oxen, mouse—micetooth→teeth, goose→geese, footfeetsheep→sheep, fish→fish, deer—deer(神奇的羊鹿魚)Chinese –Chinese, Japanese—Japanese, Englishman—Englishmen, Frenchman—FrenchmenAmerican—Americans, Australian—Australians, German—Germans中日不變英法變，其他s 加后面不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。只在詞尾加’。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來) 主語中含有with的短語時(shí),謂語單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如：Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段距離)1 主語中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語時(shí),謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語寫的) A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句)但是,population一詞又有特殊情況： What’s the population of China?(中國人口是多少？)(句子用單數(shù)) Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))部分名詞用法辨析：sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別：sport通常指“戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大；game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶內(nèi)戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng)；match意為“競(jìng)賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽；race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音) fish的問題：指許多條魚且不管種類時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同；fishes 指許多種類的魚；fish指“魚肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如： I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去購物) Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎？) Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了？) That’s it.(就那么回事) / It’s he!(是他！) 賓格用來作及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞的賓語。如：Both he and I are working at that puter pany.(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) –Who will go there?(誰要去那兒？) –You and me.(你和我) 人稱代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時(shí)間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱代詞”使用,替代作主語或者賓語的不定式、動(dòng)名詞或者名詞性從句。如：This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒？) Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)小)“of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格,作定語時(shí)放在名詞的后面。第一人稱單數(shù)第二人稱單數(shù)第三人稱單數(shù)第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)第二人稱復(fù)數(shù)第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)陽性陰性中性myself(我自己)yourself(你自己)himself(他自己)herself(她自己)itself(它自己)ourselves(我們自己)yourselves(你們自己)themselves(他們/她們/它們自己)反身代詞在句子中作賓語表示反射(指一個(gè)動(dòng)作回到該動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者本身)。如：What’s this?(這是什么？) That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飛機(jī)是塑料做的)(被動(dòng)句) Remember never to do such things.(記得永遠(yuǎn)不要做這樣的事情) Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老師說的做)/ Who is it?(是誰？) It’s me!(是我！)關(guān)系代詞：用來引導(dǎo)定語從句的代詞叫關(guān)系代詞,參見后面的定語從句。如：Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)戴著紅帽子的男人嗎？) 關(guān)系代詞which 指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。詳見相應(yīng)從句。如：Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡嗎？)any 一般用于疑問句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一個(gè)”,作定語時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如：There is no time left. Please hurry up.(沒有時(shí)間了,請(qǐng)快點(diǎn)) They had no reading books to lend.(他們沒有閱讀用書可以出借)none只能獨(dú)立使用,在句子中可作主語、賓語和表語,意思是“沒有一個(gè)人(或事物)”,表示復(fù)數(shù)或單數(shù)。如：I know all of the four British students in their school.(他們學(xué)校里四個(gè)英國學(xué)生我全認(rèn)識(shí)) Would you like this one or that one? –Both.(你要這個(gè)還是那個(gè)？?jī)蓚€(gè)都要。neither和either在句子中可作主語、賓語和定語等,都用作單數(shù)。another意思是“另外”、“又一個(gè)”,表示增加,在句中可作賓語和定語。如：A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them.(有幾個(gè)學(xué)生在踢足球,其他一些人在觀看)Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.(十個(gè)男孩中有兩個(gè)站著,其他人都圍著他們坐著。) Many died in the bus accident.(許多人在公交車禍中喪失) / We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的幫助之下我們能學(xué)到很多) many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lots of。如：He is very poor and he has little money.(他很窮,幾乎沒有什么錢。修飾復(fù)合不定代詞的定語,應(yīng)放在它們的后面。如： I don’t think so.(我認(rèn)為不是這樣的。 a great deal of只可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞(它修飾的詞作主語時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式)可以換為much。) (13)none、no one、nobody的區(qū)別：no one和nobody都表示“沒有人”,僅指人,后面不跟of 短語,作主語時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式；none表示“沒有一個(gè)人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短語,作主語時(shí)謂語可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù)。each other ,one another是相互代詞,譯成“互相”,可以通用。) / They sat there without talking to one another / each other.(他們坐在那兒,互相都不說話。如：Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?(你都邀請(qǐng)了誰參加你的生日聚會(huì)的？) / What does she want to be when she grows up?(她長(zhǎng)大了想干什么？) who 和whom只能獨(dú)立使用,其中who可以作句子的主語、表語或動(dòng)詞的賓語,whom只能作謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語；而what、which、whose等既可以獨(dú)立使用作主語、表語和賓語,也可以與名詞構(gòu)成疑問短語。英語的數(shù)詞可以作句子的主語、賓語、表語和定語。(4) hundred、 thousand、 million作數(shù)詞時(shí),不用復(fù)數(shù),前面可以加上one, two, …等其它數(shù)詞。序數(shù)詞如下：1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10th11th12thfirstsecondthirdfourthfifthsixthseventheighthninthtentheleventhtwelfth13th14th15th16th17th18th19ththirteenthfourteenthfifteenthsixteenthseventeentheighteenthnineteenth20t