機(jī)械外文翻譯--連桿，內(nèi)燃機(jī)-wenkub
2023-05-19 00:01:39 本頁面
【正文】 的機(jī)構(gòu)也有助于工業(yè)革命的開啟。連桿的大端連接于曲柄上的軸頸處，并隨著由連桿螺栓固定的可更換的軸瓦轉(zhuǎn)動，螺栓將軸承“蓋”固定在連桿的大端處 。盡管這些經(jīng)常發(fā)生在競爭激烈的汽車運(yùn)動中，但在為日常駕駛生產(chǎn)的汽車中，這種失效是十分罕見。連桿的大端被制造成一個整體，并使其在機(jī)械加工之后能與大端軸瓦準(zhǔn)確裝配。軸瓦因擠壓而與連桿分離，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致了不平滑的斷裂面，這是由于粉末金屬的顆粒造成的。然而，對一已知的發(fā)動機(jī)缸體來說，連桿的長度加上活塞行程，其和是一個固定的值，這個固定值由曲軸和氣缸座（氣缸座用來固定活塞蓋）頂部之間的固定距離來決定。這是一個難以調(diào)和的矛盾，而且若按普通的方式安裝，其往往會導(dǎo)致發(fā)動機(jī)的失敗。 在某些類型的引擎內(nèi)，主動連桿帶有一個或多個環(huán)形銷，環(huán)形銷用來連接 其他氣缸上的從動連桿相對小一些的大端。 高性能航空發(fā)動機(jī)的通常解決方案是使用一個“叉狀”連桿。 曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu)的類型及特點 內(nèi)燃機(jī)中采用曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu)的型式很多，按運(yùn)動學(xué)觀點可分 為三類，即 :中心曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu)、偏心曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu)和主副連桿式曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu)。 偏心曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu)的特點是氣缸中心線垂直于曲軸的回轉(zhuǎn)中心線，但不通過曲軸的回轉(zhuǎn)中心，氣缸中心線距離曲軸的回轉(zhuǎn)軸線具有一偏移量 e。 鏜 在機(jī)械加工，鏜削加工的過程是一個擴(kuò)孔的過程，這個孔可以是鉆出來的（或鑄造得到的），鏜孔通過 單點切削刀具（或一個鏜頭含有若干個這樣的刀具）來加工，例如用鏜削方法加工炮桶。通過轉(zhuǎn)動變換刀具的安裝角度也可以加工錐形孔。其控制系統(tǒng)可以以計算機(jī)為基礎(chǔ)，允許自動控制和提高一體性。中斷的內(nèi)部工作表面（即在刀具與加工表面間有不連續(xù)的接觸）應(yīng)該避免。熱鍛是在高溫下進(jìn)行，高溫使金屬更容易成形和降低斷 裂的可能性。 附件 2：外文原文 Connecting rod In a reciprocating piston engine, the connecting rod or conrod connects the piston to the crank or crankshaft. The connecting rod was invented sometime between 1174 and 1200 when a Muslim inventor, engineer and craftsman named alJazari built five machines to pump water for the kings of the Turkish Artuqid dynasty — one of which incorporated the connecting rod. Transferring rotary motion to reciprocating motion was made possible by connecting the crankshaft to the connecting rod, which was described in the Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices. The doubleacting reciprocating piston pump was the first machine to offer automatic motion, but its mechanisms and others such as the cam, would also help initiate the Industrial Revolution. Internal bustion engines In modern automotive internal bustion engines, the connecting rods are most usually made of steel for production engines, but can be made of aluminium (for lightness and the ability to absorb high impact at the expense of durability) or titanium (for a bination of strength and lightness at the expense of affordability) for high performance engines, or of cast iron for applications such as motor scooters. They are not rigidly fixed at either end, so that the angle between the connecting rod and the piston can change as the rod moves up and down and rotates around the crankshaft. The small end attaches to the piston pin, gudgeon pin (the usual British term) or wrist pin, which is currently most often press fit into the conrod but can swivel in the piston, a floating wrist pin big end connects to the bearing journal on the crank throw, running on replaceable bearing shells accessible via the con rod bolts which hold the bearing cap onto the big end。 thus, for a given cylinder block longer stroke, giving greater engine displacement and power, requires a shorter connecting rod (or a piston with smaller pression height), resulting in accelerated cylinder wear. Compound rods Manycylinder multibank engines such as a V12 layout have little space available for that many connecting rod journa
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