【正文】 a quick lesson in ways businesses are organized熟諳聽力\a quick 一個快速課的方式企業(yè)組織This is the VOA Special English Economics Report.這里是美國之音慢速英語經(jīng)濟(jì)報道。Businesses are structured in different ways to meet different needs.企業(yè)存在不同的構(gòu)成形式以滿足不同需求。The simplest form of business is called an individual or sole proprietorship. The proprietor owns all of the property of the business and is responsible for everything.最簡單的一種企業(yè)構(gòu)成形式就是獨(dú)資企業(yè)，企業(yè)主擁有企業(yè)所有資產(chǎn)，也承擔(dān)一切責(zé)任。For legal purposes, with this kind of business, the owner and the pany are the same. This means the proprietor gets to keep all of the profits of the business, but must also pay any debts.從法律上來講，獨(dú)資企業(yè)主等同于企業(yè)，這意味著企業(yè)主獲取企業(yè)所有收益，也承擔(dān)所有債務(wù)。Another kind of business is the partnership. Two or more people go into business together. An agreement is usually needed to decide how much of the partnership each person controls.另外一種是合伙企業(yè)，由兩個或兩個以上的人合伙經(jīng)營。合伙人之間通常必須擬定協(xié)議，以規(guī)定各自所控制的企業(yè)份額。One kind of partnership is called a limited liability partnership. These have full partners and limited partners. Limited partners may not share as much in the profits, but they also have less responsibility for the business.其中一種合伙企業(yè)成為有限責(zé)任合伙企業(yè)。合伙人分為普通合伙人和有限責(zé)任合伙人。有限責(zé)任合伙人可能享受的收益不高，但他們相應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任也少。Doctors, lawyers and accountants often form partnerships to share their risks and profits. A husband and wife can form a business partnership together.醫(yī)生、律師和會計們經(jīng)常組建合伙企業(yè)，共同分擔(dān)風(fēng)險和收益。夫妻也可以共同組建合伙企業(yè)。Partnerships exist only for as long as the owners remain alive. The same is true of individual proprietorships.合伙企業(yè)僅在企業(yè)主在世的情況下存在，獨(dú)營企業(yè)也是如此。But corporations are designed to have an unlimited lifetime. A corporation is the most plex kind of business organization.但公司沒有生存時間限制，這是最復(fù)雜的一種企業(yè)形式。Corporations can sell stock as a way to raise money. Stock represents shares of ownership in a pany. Investors who buy stock can trade their shares or keep them as long as the pany is in business.公司可以通過出售股票的形式籌集資金。股票代表公司所有權(quán)，股票投資人可以進(jìn)行股票交易，也可以長期持有，只要公司仍在運(yùn)營。A pany might use some of its earnings to pay dividends as a reward to shareholders. Or the pany might reinvest the money back into the business.公司可能會拿出一部分收益作為股息獎勵給股東，也可能把錢再次投入公司運(yùn)營。If shares lose value, investors can lose all of the money they paid for their stock. But shareholders are not responsible for the debts of the corporation.如果股份喪失價值，投資者就會損失掉所有投到股票里的錢。但是股東不用對公司的債務(wù)承擔(dān)責(zé)任。A corporation is recognized as an entity its own legal being, separate from its owners.公司被認(rèn)為是一個合法存在的實(shí)體（即獨(dú)立法人），與股東是分離的。A board of directors controls corporate policies. The directors appoint top pany officers. The directors might or might not hold shares in the corporation.董事會控制公司決策。董事任命公司的上層員工，但董事不一定就是該公司股東。 Corporations can have a few major shareholders. Or ownership can be spread among the general public.公司可能只有幾個主要的股東，也可能所有權(quán)為公眾廣泛持有。But not all corporations are traditional businesses that sell stock. Some nonprofit groups are also organized as corporations.但不是所有公司都是出售股票這種傳統(tǒng)商業(yè)模式。一些非營利性組織也以公司形式存在。baboons熟諳聽力\This is the VOA Special English Agriculture Report.這里是美國之音慢速英語農(nóng)業(yè)報道。 When farmers and wild animals share land, conflicts can be hard to prevent. But the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization is trying to help.當(dāng)農(nóng)民和野生動物在同一片土地上共存時，沖突在所難免。聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織正試圖就此提供幫助。The FAO and other groups are developing what they call the HumanWildlife Conflict Mitigation Toolkit. This toolkit is a collection of advice and information that farmers in southern Africa have been testing.糧農(nóng)組織和其他組織正在開發(fā)他們所說的緩解“人類與野生動物沖突”工具包。工具包收集了經(jīng)過南部非洲農(nóng)民測試的建議和信息。 Wild animals are considered a top problem for the physical and economic security of rural populations in Africa.野生動物被認(rèn)為是非洲農(nóng)村居民人身安全和經(jīng)濟(jì)安全（動物造成經(jīng)濟(jì)損失）的首要問題。 FAO official Rene Czudek says the main aim is to provide lowcost methods to deal with wild animals without harming them.糧農(nóng)組織官員Rene Czudek稱其主要目的是在不傷害野生動物的前提下,提供一種低成本的應(yīng)對方法。 For example, some farmers in Kenya use donkeys to guard against lions and cheetahs.例如，在肯尼亞一些農(nóng)民使用毛驢防范獅子和獵豹。 In Zambia and Mozambique, crocodiles are blamed for more deaths than any other animal. Nile crocodiles kill an estimated three hundred people each year in Mozambique alone.在贊比亞和莫桑比克，鱷魚造成了比任何其他動物都更多的死亡事故。每年僅在莫桑比克，尼羅鱷就造成大約300人死亡。 Strong fencing at watering points can offer protection. And people should always enter the water several at a time, in groups armed with weapons like sticks and stones, axes and spears.取水點(diǎn)的堅固柵欄可以提供保護(hù)。同時，人們下水時應(yīng)該多人一組，并用棍棒、石頭、斧頭和長矛等武器武裝自己。But the FAO also points out that crocodile attacks are less likely in places that have not been overfished.但糧農(nóng)組織還指出，鱷魚在那些沒有過度捕撈的地方較少襲擊人類。 The toolkit also has ideas to control baboons. These large monkeys raid crops and they can kill sheep and other livestock.該工具包也包含防治狒狒的辦法。這種大型猴類會破壞農(nóng)作物，殺死羊和其他牲畜。 One suggestion is to remove the center from a loaf of bread and hide a snake inside a live one if possible. Baboons have a fear of snakes. They also have good memories. Rene Czudek at the FAO says a baboon frightened by a snake sandwich will probably not e back.建議之一是掏空一塊面包并將蛇藏到里面 如果有可能的話用活蛇。狒狒怕蛇，且他們記性很好。糧農(nóng)組織的Rene Czudek稱，被“蛇三明治”嚇壞的狒狒可能將不敢再來。 Another animal with a good memory the elephant often raids field crops, especially maize and cassava. Mr. Czudek says the loss of a maize crop can mean the loss of a family39。s food supply for a year.另一種記性好的動物大象常常破壞農(nóng)田作物，尤其是玉米和木薯。 Czudek先生說，玉米作物的損失可能意味著一個家庭一年口糧的損失。 Did you know elephants hate chili pepper?你知道大象討厭辣椒嗎？ Farmers can grind pepper, mix it with elephant waste and form bricks. The idea is to burn these bricks around the edges of fields to keep elephants away. Farmers can also grow fields of chili peppers and sell the surplus.農(nóng)民可將辣椒磨成粉，將其與大象糞便混合制成磚。在農(nóng)田四周燃燒這種辣椒磚，使大象遠(yuǎn)離農(nóng)田。農(nóng)民們也可以種植上辣椒并銷售。 Another way to control elephants is with a plastic gun called the Mhiripiri Bomber. It fires balls that burst and release a chili solution when they hit the elephant39。s skin.另一種防治大象的方法是使用一種名為Mhiripiri Bomber的塑料槍。它能發(fā)生出球彈，當(dāng)球彈擊中大象皮膚時會爆裂并釋放出辣椒水。You might also be able to stop an elep