語(yǔ)音學(xué)和音系學(xué)考試資料(已修改)
2025-08-05 20:06 本頁(yè)面
【正文】 Phonetics1. The differences between consonants and vowelsConsonants are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or pletely shut off the airflow in the cavity. However, a vowel is produced without such obstruction so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.2. Manners of articulationIt refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain part of vocal tracts. There are several basic ways in which articulation can be acplished: the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period。 they may narrow the space considerably。 or they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.(1). Stop: plete closure of the articulators involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth. It is essential to separate three phrases in the production of a stop: (a) the closing phase, in which the articulators e together。 (b)the pression phrase, during which air is pressed behind the closure。 (c)the release phrase, during which the articulators forming the obstruction e rapidly apart and the air is suddenly released. In English, [p, b, t, d, k, g] are stops and [m, n, ?] are nasals.(2) Fricative: close approximation of two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced. In English, [f, v, θ, 240。, s, z, ?, ?, h] are fricatives.(3)Approximant: an articulation in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced. The gap between the articulators is therefore larger than for a fricative and no turbulence is generated. In English, this class of sounds includes [w, r, j].(4)Lateral: obstruction of the airstream at a pint along the
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