【正文】 語法復(fù)習(xí)： 一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語（subject）和謂語（predicate）；次要成分有表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial)、補(bǔ)足語（plement）和同位語（appositive）；句子的成分由實(shí)詞擔(dān)任。實(shí)詞有名詞n,代詞pron,形容詞adj,副詞adv, 數(shù)詞num,動(dòng)詞v,。虛詞有冠詞art, 介詞prep, 連詞conj, 助動(dòng)詞helping ，虛詞在句中只起輔助和聯(lián)系作用，不能單獨(dú)做句子成分。（二）主語：主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，表示所談的是“誰”或“什么”，一般位于句首，即在謂語之前?？沙洚?dāng)主語的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。During the 1990s, American country music has bee more and more popular.（名詞） We often speak English in class.（代詞） Ten is a very important number. (數(shù)詞） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式to do） Smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞doing） His being late made her very angry.(帶有邏輯主語的動(dòng)名詞doing) The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式to do） It’s not your fault that this has happened. （it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的that從句）但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。（三）謂語：謂語說明主語“做什么”“是什么”“怎么樣”，或說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語通常由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下： 動(dòng)詞分為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，連系動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞四類其中，.(后要帶賓語) 和不及物動(dòng)詞vi. ：系動(dòng)詞be；感官動(dòng)詞look/ sound/smell/feel/taste；表示“保持，持續(xù)”keep, remain, stay, continue，表示變化：go, get, grow, bee, fall, turn；表示“好像”：seem, appear. ，常和其他動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can/could, may/might, must, have to, shall/should, will/would, ought to, dare, need, used to. 如：I must go. We must work very hard at English. He will drive to Beijing tomorrow.，常和其他動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。 如：I don’t like reading. Do you like reading….? He doesn’t like music. Does he get up early?We didn’t see him. Did you go there？ She is writing a letter now. Is he singing? They are dancing now. Are you waiting for me? I haven’t finished it yet. Have you seen the film? She had gone there before you left. Had he sent you the before you told me?綜上句子，助動(dòng)詞do/does/did 幫助構(gòu)成否定式和疑問句； 助動(dòng)詞is/am/are/was/were 幫助構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和疑問句。 助動(dòng)詞have/has/had 幫助構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)和疑問句另：謂語有時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)，語氣，人稱的變化。 時(shí)態(tài) 主動(dòng)語態(tài) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：(1) be (am/is/are)；(2) 動(dòng)詞原形/動(dòng)詞的三單形式+s/es， am/is/are＋: (1) be (was/were,) (2) 動(dòng)詞的過去式ed) was/were＋.:(am\is\are +動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞doing) am/is/are +being +.: was\were +動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞doing) was/were +being＋.:(1) am\is\are going to +動(dòng)詞原形) is/am/are going to be +.(2) will \shall +動(dòng)詞原形) will/shall be＋.: (1) was\were going to +動(dòng)詞原形） was/were going to be+(2) would\should+動(dòng)詞原形) would be＋: (has\have +) have/has been＋.: ( had +) had been＋.:(can\may\must…+動(dòng)詞原形） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be +（四）表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, bee, go，get, grow, fall, turn, seem, appear, keep, remain, look/ sound/smell/feel/sound,等）之后。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞） Is it yours?（代詞） The weather has turned cold.（形容詞） The speech is exciting.（分詞） Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞） The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語） Time is up. The class is over.（副詞） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）（五）賓語：賓語表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞） The heavy rain prevented me from ing to school on time.（代詞） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語） I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語） I think（that）he is fit for his office. （賓語從句） 賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. Lend your dictionary to me, please.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞vt，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由以下詞來充當(dāng)。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語）We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）（七）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示： 單個(gè)詞做定語放在被修飾詞前面（前置定語）；短語做定語放在被修飾詞后面（后置定語）； Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞） We have four lessons in the morning. (數(shù)詞) There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞） We should follow the teacher’s advice.?(名詞所有格) His progress in English made us surprised.（代詞） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）Don’t wake up the sleeping baby. (現(xiàn)在分詞) China is a developing country。 America is a developed country.（現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞） The man to give us the speech is a professor. (動(dòng)詞不定式)The man upstairs came back late. Who is the man over there? (副詞) He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）He is reading an novel which is written by Hanhan. (定語從句)但：形容詞修飾不定代詞something，nothing等時(shí)放在這些詞之后。 I have something important to do. （八）狀語：修飾動(dòng)詞v,形容詞adj,副詞adv,或整個(gè)句子,說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？沙洚?dāng)狀語的有： He speaks English badly but reads it well. (副詞) Naturally he won the game. (副詞) Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語） At the top we stopped to look at the view. （不定式短語目的狀語） Walking in the street, I met my old friend. (分詞時(shí)間狀語) He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語—伴隨狀語） Wait a minute.（名詞） Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語從句） 狀語按用途可分為以下10類： How about meeting again at six?（時(shí)間狀語） Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（條件狀語） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語） In order to catch up with the o