【正文】 Made by Thanksgiving 四川大學英語 20202020（ A 卷） （一）英譯漢： 1. Bridge pier 橋墩 2. hardening process 硬化過程 3. false work 腳手架 4. preliminary design 初步設(shè)計 5. surfaceactive agent 表面活化劑 6. Static load 靜載 7. Retaining wall 擋土墻 8. Twodimensional 二維 9. mat foundation 席式地基；筏形基礎(chǔ) 10. Slip form 滑模 11. cofferdam 圍堰 12. wind tunnel 風洞 （二）漢譯英： reinforced concrete highrise shear wall /應(yīng)變 stress/strain 壓 /抗拉 強度 ultimate pressive/tensile strength pressive strength suspension bridge statically indeterminate structure /壓 /彎 /剪 /扭 tension/pression/bend/shear/torsion watertocement ratio cushion cap elasticity modulus neutral axis 1. Civil engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction of structures that are intended to be stationary, such as buildings and houses, tunnels, bridges, canals, highways, airports, port facilities, and road beds for railroads. 【 土木工程是工程學的一個分支，它主研究各種固定建筑物的設(shè)計和建造，包括建筑、房屋、隧道、橋梁、河道、公路、機場、港口設(shè)施以及鐵路路基的設(shè)計和修建。 】 Among its subdivisions are structural engineering, dealing with permanent structures。 hydraulic engineering, dealing with the flow of water and other fluids。 and environment/sanitary engineering, dealing with water supply, water purification, and sewer system, as well as urban planning and design.【 它又可分為結(jié)構(gòu)工程，主要研究永久性建筑；水利工程，主要研究水和其他流體的流動；環(huán)境 /衛(wèi)生工程，主要研究水的供應(yīng)、凈化和排水系統(tǒng)，以及城市規(guī)劃與設(shè)計。 】 The term “civil engineering” originally came into use to distinguish it from military engineering. Civil engineering dealt with permanent structures for civilian uses, whereas military engineering dealt with temporary structures for military uses. 【 使用“土木工程”這個詞的目的是要將其與軍事工程相區(qū)別。土木工程涉及民用的永久性建筑；而軍事工程主要研究軍用的臨時性建筑。 】 2. Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. 【 材料力學是應(yīng)用力學的一個分支，涉及受不同類型載荷的固體的性能。 】 It is a field of study that is known by a variety of names, including “strength of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies.” 【 這是一個有多種名稱的研究領(lǐng)域，包括：“材料強度”，“易變形體的力學”。 】 The solid bodies considered in this book include axiallyloaded bars, shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these ponents.【 本書中研究的固體包括受軸向載 荷的桿，軸，梁，圓柱和由這些零件裝配的機構(gòu)。 】 Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads。 if these quantities can be found for all values of load up to the failure load, then we will have obtained a plete picture of the mechanical behavior of the body.【 一般情況下，我們研究的目的是測定因受載而引起的應(yīng)力，應(yīng)變和變形；如果當所有負荷量達到破壞載荷時，能夠測得這些物理量，我們就可能得到一份完整的固體力學性能圖。 】 3. Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit.【 高層建筑需要加大柱和梁的尺寸，保證建筑物在風荷載下的側(cè)移值不超過規(guī)范的限度。 】 Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details. 【 過大的側(cè)向偏移可能會導致嚴重后果，例如使天花板及其他建筑構(gòu)件收到損傷。 】 In addition, excessive sway may cause disfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion. 【 此外，過多的晃動可能會導致居住者的不適。 】 Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore do not require additional stiffening to limit the sway.【 鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的系統(tǒng)，以及鋼結(jié)構(gòu) ，可以充分利用自身固有的潛在剛度，因此不需要額外加勁來限制側(cè)移。 】…… 【 書 P28 第四課第三段 】 Made by Thanksgiving 4. All bricks are very much stronger in pression than in tension, and their tensile strength is so low that they are unsuitable for resisting forces which would produce tension.【 所有磚塊的受壓能力要比它的受拉能力強的多，它們的抗拉強度很低以至于不適合用來抵抗 拉力。 】 It is not possible to obtain an accurate estimate of the strength of brickwork in pression by testing to destruction of individual bri cks, since the nature of the mortar, the quality of the workmanship, all have an influence on strength.【 通過磚的破壞實驗來獲得磚體的準確估計抗壓強度是不可能的，由于砂漿的性質(zhì)，做工工藝都會對其強度產(chǎn)生影響。 】 5. The manner in which structures act to carry and transfer their loads and the deformation modes they assume is called structural behavior. 【 結(jié)構(gòu)起著傳遞和轉(zhuǎn)移它們自身荷載和這 種 它們呈現(xiàn)的變形模式 叫做結(jié)構(gòu)的性能。 】From an Engineering point of view, the purpose of most structures is to transmit certain loads from their points of application to the point of support, usually the ground. 【 從工程學的角度來看， 大多數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu) 的目的是把某些荷載從它們的作用點傳遞到支撐點處，通常是傳遞到地面。 】 In the case of bridge, vehicles or pedestrians constitute the loads and the weight of these must be transmitted through the structure to the bridge abutments or intermediate piers. 【 就橋梁來說， 荷載是由車輛或者步行者構(gòu)成的，這些荷載通過結(jié)構(gòu)的作用 被 傳遞到了橋臺或 者 中間墩 處 。 】 In a building, the weight of contents is transmitted by means of floors to the beams, from these to the columns and finally down to the foundations.【 在建筑物中，它所含之物的重量是依靠板傳給梁，再從梁傳給柱，最后 向下 傳給基礎(chǔ)。 】 6. The main problem in the de