【正文】 1. History of Industrial Engineering一、 本章難點(diǎn)：1. 難點(diǎn)句型，參見Notes。2. 專業(yè)詞匯，參見Words and Expressions。二、 本章重點(diǎn)：1. 了解工業(yè)工程的發(fā)展過程及標(biāo)志性成就。2. 掌握工業(yè)工程相關(guān)專業(yè)術(shù)語。三、Words and Expressionsinherent adj. 固有的，內(nèi)在的pushcart n. 手推車assign vt. 分配，指派manuscript n. 手稿，原稿integrated adj. 綜合的，完整的incentive n. 激勵(lì)doer n. 行為者，實(shí)干家ruleofthumb 經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則happenstance n. 偶然事件thrust vt. 強(qiáng)加interdepenency n. 互相依賴，相關(guān)性Gantt chart 甘特圖clipboard n. 有紙夾的筆記本stopwatch n. 秒表misgiving n. 疑慮refinement n. 改進(jìn)的地方industrial engineering 工業(yè)工程operations research 運(yùn)籌學(xué)organizational structure 組織結(jié)構(gòu)wage incentive systems 工資（薪酬）激勵(lì)制度（方法）work methods 工作方法work measurement systems 工作測(cè)量方法（體系）production planning and control 生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃與控制facility design 設(shè)施設(shè)計(jì)job evaluation 工作評(píng)價(jià)human factors 人因工程四、Notes1. He argued that…the entire job.他主張分配生產(chǎn)任務(wù)，例如?把制造一輛手推車的任務(wù)分成幾個(gè)小的專門化的任務(wù)，給每個(gè)工人分配一項(xiàng)任務(wù)，這樣制造整輛手推車的費(fèi)用要比一個(gè)工人承擔(dān)整項(xiàng)任務(wù)所需的成本要來得低。2. There were…be achieved.至于如何完成一項(xiàng)任務(wù)或應(yīng)取得什么樣的結(jié)果，一般是沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的。3. Taylor made a significant… a “happenstance”.泰勒將這一狀況改變?yōu)橐粭l法則，即管理是一項(xiàng)科學(xué)活動(dòng)，而不是一個(gè)“偶然事件”，對(duì)此，他作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。4. The basic tool… “Gantt chart”.甘特方法中使用的基本工具是工廠里全部工序同時(shí)發(fā)生的狀況的圖解表示法，這種圖解表示法稱為“甘特圖”。5. Such practice led workers… worker performance.這樣的做法引起了工人們對(duì)提出該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的“效率專家”的不滿及對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)工人表現(xiàn)而使用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普遍不信任。五、工業(yè)工程發(fā)展過程及標(biāo)志性成就1. Initial work in industrial engineering is usually credited to applied economists and industrialists in England around 1800. The Scottish economist Adam Smith made pioneering observations as to the economies inherent in the division of labor in manufacturing jobs. Smith’s theories and observations are summarized in the classic manuscript The Wealth of the Nations published in 1776. Charles Babbage extended the work of Smith. Babbage presented his conclusions in on the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures in1835. Around 1795, Matthew Boulton and James Watt developed a modern, closely integrated factory to produce steam engines in Soho, England. They implemented sophisticated management systems to aid in operating the plant, including standards for jobs in the factory.2. Developments in industrial engineering in American began with Frederick W. Taylor in the early 1900s. In fact, Taylor is often called the “father of industrial engineering”. He was concerned with developing scientific methods of both performing work and managing a production facility. His theories are summarized in The Principles of Scientific Management. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were responsible for much of the theory and techniques used today in work methods and in work measurement. Henry Gantt was also concerned with the theory of work methods, but made more significant contributions in the area of production planning and control.3. There was rapid growth of industrial engineering during the two decades prior to 1930. Significant developments took place in the areas of work methods, work measurement, facility design, wage incentives, job evaluation, human factors, and production planning and control.4. During the late 1940s and early 1950s the technique of operations research were introduced to industry in the United States and Britain. Since that time, much of the growth of industrial engineering has been in the development and application of operation research techniques for the solution of problems in public and private sectors.2. Industrial Engineering Versus Operations Research一、本章難點(diǎn)，參見Notes。，參見Words and Expressions。二、本章重點(diǎn)。三、Words versus prep. 與……相對(duì)discipline n. 領(lǐng)域practitioner n. 專業(yè)人員mission n. 使命，任務(wù)essence n. 本質(zhì)executive adj. 行政的characterize vt. 具備……的特征optimum adj. 最適合的，最佳的underlying adj. 根本的methodology n. 方法論，方法學(xué)predominate vt. 主導(dǎo)，起主要作用collectively adv. 全體地，共同地label vt. 把……分為derivation n. 推導(dǎo)spectrum n. 范圍，領(lǐng)域continuum n. 連續(xù)區(qū)，連續(xù)流macro adj. 巨大的，大量使用的reliance n. 依靠，信任layout n. 規(guī)劃，設(shè)計(jì)，（工廠等）布局圖warehouse n. 倉庫template n.(=templet) 模板assume vt. 承擔(dān)，擔(dān)任analog n. 模擬analogous adj. 模擬的overlap vt. 交疊inventory control 庫存控制flow diagram 工藝流程圖mathematical model 數(shù)學(xué)模型linear programming 線性規(guī)劃process planning 工藝規(guī)劃，工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)methods improvement 方法改進(jìn)job time standard 工時(shí)定額（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）job evaluation 工作評(píng)價(jià)queuing analysis 隊(duì)列分析production scheduling 生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃quality control 質(zhì)量控制facility design 設(shè)施設(shè)計(jì)human factors 人因工程四、 Notes1. Industrial Engineering is concerned with… of men, materials and equipment.工業(yè)工程是研究將人、物料和設(shè)備組合成集成系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)改進(jìn)和組合配置的科學(xué)。2. It draws upon specialized knowledge… to be obtained from such systems.它運(yùn)用數(shù)學(xué)、物理和社會(huì)科學(xué)等方面的專門知識(shí)和技能，并使用工程設(shè)計(jì)3. Churchman characterizes OR as… to the problems.Churchman將工業(yè)工程稱為解決設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)操作問題的科學(xué)方法、技術(shù)和工具的應(yīng)用，目的是向控制著操作的人們提供解決問題的最佳方法。4. This included activities…industrial engineering. 工業(yè)工程的早期發(fā)展包括許多內(nèi)容，諸如工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)、方法改進(jìn)、制定工作時(shí)間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和工作評(píng)價(jià)等等，這些內(nèi)容都被公認(rèn)為工業(yè)工程。5. However, in the last 30 or so years… applied mathematical concepts.然而，在過去的30多年里，工業(yè)工程大多數(shù)的發(fā)展通過基于應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)概念的分析技術(shù)的產(chǎn)生和運(yùn)用而實(shí)現(xiàn)的。6. However, there is a great of … operations research.然而，在工業(yè)工程體系的“光譜”中有許多交疊點(diǎn)，近來，人們運(yùn)用運(yùn)籌學(xué)的數(shù)學(xué)方法來分析屬于傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)工程一個(gè)整體部分的交疊點(diǎn)的一些問題。7. Barish believes that… to develop new approaches, model, and techniques.Barish認(rèn)為“當(dāng)問題發(fā)生時(shí)，雖然工業(yè)工程師應(yīng)該主要研究解決問題的現(xiàn)有技術(shù)的應(yīng)用和修改，但是，運(yùn)籌學(xué)家應(yīng)該致力于找出基本關(guān)系并提出新方法、新模型和新技術(shù)。五、工業(yè)工程與運(yùn)籌學(xué)的關(guān)系1. There is a diversity of opinion as to whether or not industrial engineering and operations research (IE/OR) is really a single discipline or two separa