【正文】 賓語從句一． 定義：賓語從句是指在一個句子中充當(dāng)賓語的句子 如：He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.二． 賓語從句有三種類型： 1．由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句表示陳述意義，連詞that常可被省略。例如：I hope (that) they will have fun. Mary said that she felt sleepy. Can’t you see (that) I’m a bird?　　注意：（1）當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是think,believe等時，賓語從句盡管要表示否定意義，卻不用否定形式，而將think等動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问?。如：I don’t think he will ?！　。?）兩個表示陳述意義的賓語從句并列時，有時省去第一個從句的連詞that，但第二個從句的連詞that一般不可以省略。如：　　He told me (that)they could not decide what to do and that they asked my advice. “是否（有，能，已經(jīng)……）”等一般疑問句的含義。　　例如：I wonder whether (if) he lives here.　　,whom,whose,what,which和連接副詞when,where,how,why等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句表示“誰，誰的，什么，哪（個，些），何時，何地，怎樣，為什么”等等特殊疑問句的意義。除了連接詞及被修飾的詞提前以外，賓語從句用陳述句語序。　　例如：To masked who could give the message to her mother.　　Do you know what he said just now? I wondered how old his brother was. ：“主現(xiàn)則從任，主過則從過，客觀真理一般現(xiàn)”1．當(dāng)主句是現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r的時候，賓語從句可以用所需要的任何時態(tài)。2．主句是過去時，賓語從句一般只能用過去時的某種形式；當(dāng)從句敘述的是客觀事實(shí)或一般真理時，賓語從句仍然用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。3．情態(tài)動詞must一般不用于過去時，但卻可以用于主句是過去時的賓語從句中。1 賓語從句的連接詞后加陳述語序（主語在前，謂語在后）如：I want to know if he can e tomorrow2 當(dāng)連接詞本身又是賓語從句的主語時，后面直接加謂語動詞如：She asked me who had helped him狀語從句英語中,修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子成分叫狀語。狀語的功用：狀語說明地點(diǎn)、時間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等，根據(jù)狀語的功能狀語從句可分為：時間狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、條件狀語從句。一．時間狀語從句：在一個句子中作時間狀語的句子。時間狀語的連接詞：when（當(dāng)…時候） while（當(dāng)…時候） as（當(dāng)…時候） after（在…以后） before（在…以前） as soon as（一…就） since（自從…到現(xiàn)在） till /until（直到…才） by the time（到…為止）依舊是連接詞后加陳述語序。1. when 當(dāng)…的時候（一般情況下：主將從現(xiàn)）I will bee a teacher when I grow up2. while 當(dāng)…時He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.3. as 在…的同時；一邊…一邊…He smiled as he stood up.4. after 在…之后He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.5. before 在…之前Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.6. as soon as 一…就…(一般情況下：主將從現(xiàn))We began to work as soon as we got there.I will write to you as soon as I get home.7. since 自…以來 到現(xiàn)在表示自過去的一個起點(diǎn)時間到目前(說話時間)為止的一段持續(xù)時間。主句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時，從句用一般過去時。Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago. (還可以用作介詞，本句從句還可以用短語：since three years ago(自三年前以來)表示。)8 till /until 直到都可以作連詞，連接時間狀語，也可以作介詞，與其它詞構(gòu)成介詞短語，在句中作狀語。They walked till /until it was dark.Xiao Ming didn’t leave home till / until his father came back. 9. by the time 到…為止 (所在句子的主句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在或過去完成時)By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.By the time I got to school, the class had already began.用法辨析：, while和as的區(qū)別When 引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動詞可以是延續(xù)性的動詞，又可以是瞬時動詞。并且when有時表示“就在那時”。例如： When she came in, I stopped eating. 她進(jìn)來時，我在吃飯。(瞬時動詞) When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.當(dāng)?shù)淖≡谵r(nóng)村時，我常常為他擔(dān)水。（延續(xù)性的動詞） We were about to leave when he came in. 我們就要離開，就在那時他進(jìn)來了。 While 引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動作必須是延續(xù)性的，并強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動作同時發(fā)生（或者相對應(yīng)）。并且while有時還可以表示對比。例如： While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. I like playing football while you like playing ，而你喜歡打籃球。（對比） As 表示“一邊……一邊”，as引導(dǎo)的動作是延續(xù)性的動作，一般用于主句和從句動作同時發(fā)生；as也可以強(qiáng)調(diào)“一先一后。例如： We always sing as we walk. 我們總是邊走邊唱。（as表示“一邊……一邊”） As we was going out, it began to snow. 當(dāng)我們出門時，開始下雪了。（as強(qiáng)調(diào)句中兩個動作緊接著先后發(fā)生，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)開始下雪的特定時間） as when while都表示主、從句動作同時發(fā)生，三者差異如下：as表示“一邊。一邊＂的意思when 還可以表示從句動詞的動作在主幾句動詞的動作＂之前 ＂或＂之后＂發(fā)生。when＝and then。 at that moment (正在那個時候)while 用于時間較長時 強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個動作同時進(jìn)行，并表示對比時有時這三個連詞可以互換，有時不可以。lt was raining hard when (as) I got there.我到那里時，正在下大雨。 ( 動作同時發(fā)生，when可換為as, 但不能換為while，因?yàn)間et是點(diǎn)動詞.)When I had read the article, he called me.我看完這篇文章之后，她給我打了電話。( 從句動作發(fā)生在主句之前，注意時態(tài)表達(dá)，只能用when )When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.(當(dāng))我到了電影院時，電影已經(jīng)開演了。(從句的動作發(fā)生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意時態(tài))He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.他正要離開，忽然電話響了。( 此時不能放在句首。主句動詞一般表達(dá) “正在” “即將”.while, as不能代替 She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.他以為我在談她女兒，然而，實(shí)際上在談?wù)撐遗畠骸?表轉(zhuǎn)折，對比，when, as都不能代替它) While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.外星人買紀(jì)念品時，那女孩給警察打了電話。(表示主句，從句的動作同時發(fā)生，while后引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的動詞必須是延續(xù)動詞不能是點(diǎn)動詞，因?yàn)樗硎据^長時間)Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away.