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tations,Dyspnea (73%), pleuritic chest pain (66%), cough (37%), hemoptysis (13%) ↑RR (70%), crackles (51%), ↑HR (30%), fever, cyanosis, pleural friction rub, loud P2 Massive: syncope, HoTN, PEA。 ↑JVP, Graham Steell murmur,第四頁,共十七頁。,Diagnostic studies,CXR (limited Se 295:172),第五頁,共十七頁。,Diagnostic studies,Echocardiography: useful for risk stratification (RV dysfxn), but not dx (Se 50%) V/Q scan: high Se (98%), low Sp (10%). Sp improves to 97% for high prob VQ. Use if prob of PE high and CT not available or contraindicated. CT angiography (CTA。 see Radiology in