【正文】 ct has been singed according to the stipulated time, place, and transport methods in the contract. The delivery of the goods means that the seller delivers the contract goods at the agreed time, place and in the agreed manners to the buyer. In international sales of goods, the delivery also means to transfer the necessary documents at the stipulated time to the buyer. As to the methods of delivery in international practice, there are many methods to deliver the goods purchased, such as ocean transport, railway transport, air transport, river and lakes transport, postal transport, road transport, pipelines transport, land bridge transport and international multimode transport and so on. The buyer and seller can decide which methods will be the best for the goods to be transported according the goods characteristics, quantity, transit journey, value, time, the natural conditions and so on. Section One Methods of the Delivery （一） Modes of Transport Sea Land Air Charter Liner Railway, train Roadway, truck Airline Ups, Fedex, DHL,EMS Postal Parcel Transport Combined Transport OCP Transport: Overland mon point Land Bridge Transport Ocean freight is the most widely used form of transportation in international trade as well as the most efficient form in terms of energy. It still has the attraction of being a cheap modes of transport for delivering large quantities of goods over long distance. Before a shipment is made, the exporter has to consider many different factors influencing his transport considerations such as cost, safety, speed and convenience. 1 Ocean Transport 1) Shipping by Chartering It is also called tramp. A shipping by chartering is a freightcarrying vessel which has no regular route or fixed schedule of sailing. It is first in one trade and then in another, always seeking those ports where there is a demand at the moment for shipping space. The shipper charters the ship from the shipowner and uses it to carry the goods. It falls into 3 kinds: voyage charter, time charter and demise charter. (1). Voyage charter 定程租船 (2). Time Charter 定期租船 (3). Demise charter 光船租船 (4). Charter party 租船合同 海運(yùn)船舶的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式－租船 ? TRAMP：沒有預(yù)定的船期表，船舶航線和停靠港口不固定。船舶的航線、運(yùn)輸貨物種類、航行時(shí)間、運(yùn)費(fèi)或租金由船貨雙方在租船合同中議定。適用于大宗貨物如糧食、油料、礦物、化工等運(yùn)輸。 ? 定程租船 VOYAGE CHARTER：船舶所有人提供船只，在指定港口間進(jìn)行一個(gè)或數(shù)個(gè)航次，承運(yùn)指定貨物的租船運(yùn)輸。 ? 單程租船 ? 來(lái)回航次租船 ? 連續(xù)航次租船 ? 包運(yùn)租船 ? 定期租船 TIME CHARTER：船舶所有人將船舶出租給承租人，供其使用一定時(shí)期的租船運(yùn)輸。承租人可將定期租船作為班輪或定程租船使用。 ? 光船租賃 BAREBOAT CHARTER：船舶所有人將船舶（空船）租給承租人使用一段時(shí)間，而不提供船員和船舶的營(yíng)運(yùn)。 ? 航次期租 TIME CHARTER ON TRIP BASIS－ TCT：以完成一個(gè)航次運(yùn)輸為目的，按完成航次所花的時(shí)間，按約定的租金率計(jì)算租金。 海運(yùn)船舶的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式－租船 ? 影響定程租船運(yùn)費(fèi)的因素 ? 租船市場(chǎng)運(yùn)費(fèi)水平； ? 承運(yùn)貨物的價(jià)格和裝卸貨物所需設(shè)備和勞動(dòng)力； ? 運(yùn)費(fèi)的支付時(shí)間； ? 裝卸費(fèi)的負(fù)擔(dān)方法； ? 港口費(fèi)用高低； ? 船舶經(jīng)紀(jì)人的傭金高低等。 ? 定程租船的裝卸費(fèi)－由承租人和船東協(xié)商 ? 船方負(fù)擔(dān)裝船和卸貨費(fèi)用 /gross terms/liner terms ? 船方管裝不管卸 /free out/FO ? 船方管卸不管裝 /free in/FI ? 船方不管裝卸 /free in amp。 out/FIO，適用于散貨 租船合同 ? Uniform General Charter Contract－ GENCON：稱“金康”，為波羅地海船舶所有人公會(huì)制定，用于定程租船 ? Uniform Time Charter Contract－ BAL Time：由波羅地海航運(yùn)公會(huì)制定，適用于定期租船 ? China National Chartering Corporation Time Contract－ Sino Time ? N. Y. Product Exchange Time Charter ?租船的注意事項(xiàng)： ?不能租賃在政治、外交上與我國(guó)有矛盾、貿(mào)易上與我國(guó)無(wú)來(lái)往的國(guó)家的船 ?不宜租賃二船東 onward carrier，或只有一條船的小船東的船 ?不宜租賃船齡在 15年或 15年以上的船，及耗油量大、無(wú)自動(dòng)艙蓋、無(wú)電動(dòng)絞車的船 租船市場(chǎng) ? 租船市場(chǎng)是進(jìn)行租船交易的場(chǎng)所，船東、租船人、租船經(jīng)紀(jì)人構(gòu)成了這個(gè)市場(chǎng)。 ? 租船經(jīng)紀(jì)人 /租船代理，其主要業(yè)務(wù)是按委托人（船東或租船人）的要求，為委托人尋找貨運(yùn)對(duì)象或合適的運(yùn)輸傳播，收取傭金。中國(guó)租船公司是中國(guó)最大的租船代理。 ? 國(guó)際上最大的租船市場(chǎng)是倫敦租船市場(chǎng)，成交量占全球的 30%。紐約租船市場(chǎng)以油輪為主，排名第二。北歐市場(chǎng)分布在奧斯陸、漢堡和斯德哥爾摩，主要經(jīng)營(yíng)專業(yè)化的高質(zhì)量船舶如冷藏船、滾上滾下船、液化石油氣船等。 (1). Voyage charter The voyage charter is one for the carriage of goods from one specified port to another, or for a round trip. It includes single voyage charter, return voyage charter and successive voyage charter. According to the route stipulated in the charter party, the shipowner is responsible for delivering the goods to the port of destination and for managing the ship as well as bearing all expenses. Under a voyage charter, payment by the charterer is usually based on an agreed rate per ton for a “full and plete cargo”. Should he fail to provide sufficient cargo to fill the ship he is liable for what is termed dead freight, a prorate payment for the space not used. A voyage charter also stipulates the number of days known as lay days, for loading and unloading. Should these be accessed, the charter is liable for a demurrage charge for each day in excess, and conversely is entitled to dispatch money for each day not taken up. The liability of the shippowner is to provide a ship that is seaworthy and to avoid unjustifiable deviation en route. 定程租船合同的主要內(nèi)容 ? 貨物 ? 種類、重量、包裝的明確規(guī)定 ? 對(duì)承租人是否擁有貨物的選擇權(quán) ? 數(shù)量需規(guī)定機(jī)動(dòng)幅度－船舶的滿載量，沒裝滿要付空艙費(fèi) dead freight；若裝不下，要向承租人賠償 ? 港口 ? 明確裝運(yùn)港 ? 對(duì)于貿(mào)易合同中有 2個(gè)以上裝貨港或卸貨港的，租船合同中應(yīng)作相應(yīng)規(guī)定，并給承租人以港口選擇權(quán) 定程租船合同的主要內(nèi)容 ? 船期－受載期 lay days：船舶最早可以抵達(dá)和最遲必須抵達(dá)裝運(yùn)港的候裝期限（一般 23周） ? 運(yùn)費(fèi)： ? 規(guī)定運(yùn)費(fèi)率或整船包干 ? 支付方式： ? 預(yù)付－啟運(yùn)港付：按慣例，不論船貨滅失，概不退還 ? 到付－目的港付：船方有留置權(quán) lien on cargo ? 按比例預(yù)付 /到付 定程租船合同的主要內(nèi)容 ? 裝卸起訖時(shí)間 ? 起：以船方遞交準(zhǔn)備裝船或卸貨通知書下一個(gè)工作日上午起算 ? 訖：最后一件貨物裝 /卸完 ? 滯期費(fèi) demurrage：規(guī)定的裝卸期限內(nèi)，租船人未完成裝卸作業(yè)，給船方造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，租船人對(duì)超過的時(shí)間應(yīng)向船方支付的罰金； ? 速遣費(fèi) dispatch money：在規(guī)定的裝卸期限內(nèi)，租船人提前完成裝卸作業(yè)，使船方節(jié)省了船舶在港的開支，船方向其支付一定獎(jiǎng)金。速遣費(fèi)常為滯期費(fèi)的一半。 (2). Time Charter The charterer charters the ship for a period of time during which the ship is deployed and managed by the charterer. What concerns the charterer most is the period, not the voyage. The chartering may be for a period of 1 year or of several years. During the period of chartering, the ship is managed, deployed and used by the charterer. A series of work, such as loading, unloading, stowing and trimming and the so caused fuel expenses, port expenses, loading and unloading expenses